Flow-Accelerated Corrosion Wear of Power-Generating Equipment: Investigations, Prediction, and Prevention: 1. Flow-Accelerated Corrosion Processes and Regularities

The first part of this review considers the prerequisites and scales of damage inflicted to the equipment and pipelines of power plant units as a consequence of flow-accelerated corrosion, and examples of accidents involving lethal outcomes that occurred at nuclear power plants as a result of pipeline ruptures caused by flow-accelerated corrosion are given. It is shown that the scope of items susceptible to flow-accelerated corrosion includes components of condensate–feedwater and wet steam path equipment and pipelines made of carbon and low-alloy steels. The main negative consequences caused by flow-accelerated corrosion are local metal thinning spots that can lead to abrupt failures and depressurization of the process circuit and contamination of working fluid with iron containing products of flow-accelerated corrosion. Sedimentation of these products in a steam generator is one of factors causing damage to and failure of its heat transfer tubes. It is proposed to draw a distinction between general and local flow-accelerated corrosion. General flow-accelerated corrosion causes ingress of iron-containing compounds into the working fluid and is characterized by a moderate metal thinning rate that does not lead to destructions or occurrence of wormholes involving loss of process circuit leak tightness. The effects of local flow-accelerated corrosion manifest themselves in small parts of intricately shaped channels and are characterized by a significant metal thinning rate with possible occurrence of wormholes or abrupt destruction of the pipeline and power-generating equipment components. Typical cases of and statistical data on damages inflicted to nuclear power plant components due to flow-accelerated corrosion are presented. The physicochemical fundamentals and regularities relating to flow-accelerated corrosion of metal occurring in one- and two-phase flows are considered. It is pointed out that the hydrodynamic factor plays the determining role in the occurrence of zones and rate of local thinning caused by flow-accelerated corrosion. The key hydrodynamic characteristics influencing the local flow-accelerated corrosion rate are determined. Fundamental differences between the mechanisms governing flow-accelerated corrosion in two-phase medium and single-phase water flow are shown. These differences stem from the specific features of hydrodynamics pertinent to the motion of liquid film and interphase redistribution of admixtures and gases that gives rise to a change in the pH value of liquid. The results from experiments aimed at studying the effect of temperature on the flow-accelerated corrosion rate of different metals in a two-phase wet steam flow and the effect of steam wetness degree on the liquid film flow mode are presented.