Том 72, № 3 (2017)

A large-scale digital map of the soil parent materials has been produced for the territory of the Chashnikovo Training and Experimental Soil Ecology Center (TESEC), which has an area of 338.9 ha. The digital processing methods for extensive field data (748 sampling points) included incorporation of the data into databases, automated algorithms for soil taxa identification, and various digital soil mapping techniques. The five methods used to produce the map give similar values within an overall accuracy range of 0.69–0.74. The objective sample color criteria in the CIE L*a*b* system were used to identify soil parent materials. Eleven main parent material types have been distinguished; the distinct pattern of their distribution over the terrain relief, which determines the soil diversity in the study area, has been identified.

Linear regression equations between the logarithm of the total soil moisture potential and soil moisture content in the hygroscopic moisture range (Landau–Deryagin law) were derived for typical soils from different natural zones of European Russia. From these equations, a compact algorithm was developed for calculating the hydration energy of soils, which increases from 1280 to 10600 J/kg in the following soil series: heavy loamy soddy podzolic soil–heavy loamy gray forest soil–medium loamy light chestnut soil–heavy loamy brown semidesert soil–light clayey solonchak–light clayey chernozem–medium clayey krasnozem. Relationships were revealed between the hydration energy of soils, the specific surface of soils, the content of physical clay in soils, and the concentration of hydrated exchangeably adsorbed ions.

We have analyzed the radioecological conditions of the Chashnikovo Training and Experimental Soil Ecology Center (TESEC) of Moscow State University in the Solnechnogorsk district of Moscow oblast. We have estimated the rate of soils, plants, air layer near the soil surface, and soil air by the main natural and technogenic radionuclides evaluated. It is shown that the area is radiation-safe with respect to the main parameters.

The transformation rate and direction of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its forms entering the surface layers of Moscow soils have been analyzed. The DDT transformation rate into metabolites—dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichlor diphenyl dichloroethane (DDD)—is small. In 75% of soils, less than half the initial pesticide is transformed. In 67.5% of soils, formation of DDD predominates in the DDE formation. In soils of the entire area of Moscow, 16% of DDT was transformed into DDE and 23% into DDD. The о,n′-DDT to n,n′-DDT ratio is <0.3 for 95% of soils, and the mean ratio is 0.1, which is typical for application of DDT as a technical product.

Studies of tundra flowering plants and mosses on the Тaymyr Peninsula have determined the presence of thousands and tens of thousands of colony formation units of psychrotolerant actinomycetes in 1 g of vegetation substrate, which is smaller than the amount of mesophilic forms by one to two orders of magnitude. Incubation of plants at 5°C has shown very small taxonomical variety of actinomycetes. The actinomycete complex is represented by species of the genus Streptomyces, belonging to the sections and series Albus Albus and Cinereus Achromogenes, and by the genus Micromonospora.