Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology
ISSN (print): 1816-9775, ISSN (online): 2541-8971
Founder: Saratov State University
Editor-in-Chief: Goryacheva Irina Yurievna, Doctor of Chemistry. sciences, professor
Frequency / Access: 4 issues per year / Open
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Aims @ Scope. The main aim of the journal is reflection of modern trends in the complex development of chemistry, ecology and biology, their interpenetration and joint development. The journal publishes the results of original research, short messages on current topics, reviews and mini reviews
The objectives of the journal:
familiarization of the Russian and international scientific community with priority fundamental works, as well as works of a practical orientation;
presentation of methodological and practical works in modern breakthrough areas of research;
creation of an information environment for the development of innovative areas of science, a platform for testing the results of young scientists and scientific schools.
The Journal is intended for researchers, teachers and postgraduate students.
Topics of the journal:
chemistry, including analytical, organic, physical chemistry;
physico-chemical biology, including biophysics (biological sciences);
general biology, including botany, zoology, entomology, ecology (biological sciences).
Languages of publications - Russian, English.
Previously published materials and materials submitted for publication in other journals will not be accepted.
Articles should be in agreement with Notes for Authors of the journal.
The manuscripts received by the editorial office are reviewed (see Manuscripts Review Procedure), then the editorial board takes the decision on the publication of the article in the journal.
最新一期
卷 23, 编号 4 (2023)
Articles
Comparison of two types of mobile phases for the determination of B vitamins by thin layer chromatography
摘要
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) has been used to study the infl uence of a number of factors (the nature of the stationary phase, the nature and concentration of the organic solvents and surfactants, the pH of the buff er solution) on the chromatographic characteristics of B vitamins: B1 (thiamine), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cyanocobalamin). The stationary phases were plates with polar (Sorbfi l on a polymer (highperformance plates, HTLC) and aluminum substrates), weakly polar (Polyamide-6), and nonpolar (RP-18 on an aluminum substrate) sorbents. As micellar mobile phases – micellar solutions of cetylpyridinium chloride in the concentration range 5–10-4 – 5–10-1 M, sodium dodecyl sulfate in the concentration range 2,5–10-4 – 5–10-1 М. It has been established that among aqueous-organic mobile phases (MF) the best results have been obtained for MF of the composition acetonitrile – water (15:385) on polar high-performance plates. More eff ective than acetonitrile – water is the PF of the composition acetonitrile – cetylpyridinium chloride (15:85) in the presence of a phosphate buff er solution with pH = 3. For the last PF, TLC determination of vitamins B1 , B6 , B12 in pharmaceutical preparations with a Sr value of interval 0.01–0.06 has been developed.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2023;23(4):370-381
370-381
Inactivation of xenobiotics and their mixtures
摘要
The problem of environmental pollution by human waste products is currently critically relevant. Organic fragments undergo degradation slowly and as a result accumulate in ecosystems. Many studies confi rm the presence of various pollutants in rivers, soils, atmosphere. Despite a large body of work on the search for methods of inactivation and purifi cation of such pollutants, there is no universal method, applicable to various classes of xenobiotics. The purpose of this work has been to study the destructive processes of model systems of xenobiotics of various nature. UV irradiation has been used as a method of destruction. The destruction of model substances has been studied in the work: two dyes, two pharmaceuticals and two nitro derivatives of phenol. Destructive processes of model systems of various pollutants have been studied. It is shown that many substrates undergo photodestruction within the fi rst hour. Kinetic characteristics of these processes are calculated. The results obtained indicate that UV irradiation can be considered as a promising method of inactivation of various pollutants.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2023;23(4):382-391
382-391
Spectrophotometric determination of some β-lactam antibiotics in their binary mixtures using the method of partial least squares
摘要
The method has been proposed for the spectrophotometric determination of antibiotics of the cephalosporin (cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefazolin) and penicillin (amoxicillin) groups using chemometric data processing (method of partial least squares, PLS). The absorption spectra of 24 binary mixtures of “cephalosporin – cephalosporin” and 16 binary mixtures of “cephalosporin – amoxicillin” with various concentrations in the range of 3–27 and 5–140 μg/ml have been recorded. The optimal number of latent variables for each chemometric method (PLS-1 and PLS-2) has been selected, which ranged from 2 to 7 depending on the type of model and the nature of the antibiotics. The smallest root mean square calibration errors (RMSEC) have been found for the ceftriaxone–cefazolin system, which have been 0.09 and 0.08 for PLS-1 and PLS-2, respectively. The smallest root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) for the mixture “cefuroxime – amoxicillin” have been 0.07 for both methods (PLS-1 and PLS-2). It has been established that equations of linear relationships “measured-predicted” are characterized by a regression coeffi cient and the square of the approximation coeffi cient close to 1; which indicates the high quality of the models. The relative error of determination in test mixtures has been 0.4–6.2% by the PLS-1 method for “cephalosporin – cephalosporin” mixtures, and 0.07–6.0% by the PLS-2 method. At the same time, there is no signifi cant diff erence in the error in determining the components of the mixture, in contrast to the “cefuroxime – amoxicillin” system, for which the error is 0.1–1.1% for the fi rst component and 2.6–14.7% for the second component using the PLS-1 method and 0.2–1.2% for the fi rst component and 4.3–13.3% for the second component using the PLS-2 method. Thus, it has been shown that the use of chemometric methods ensures high accuracy of the spectrophotometric determination of the studied antibiotics with overlapping absorption bands in their mixtures.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2023;23(4):392-403
392-403
5-(1-Aryl-3-oxo-3-phenylpropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-diones: synthesis and reactions with N-nucleophiles
摘要
2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione (Meldrum acid, isopropylidenmalonate) is widely used by synthetic chemists due to its structural features. The dual nature of the reactivity of Meldrum acid (both electrophilic and/or nucleophilic reagent) determines the synthetic value in the construction of new heterocyclic systems with practically signifi cant properties. A wide range of biological activity has been revealed in a number of compounds containing a 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione fragment in their structure. Analysis of periodicals indicates an extremely small volume of literature on the preparation and chemical properties of 5-(1-aryl-3-oxo-3-phenylpropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6- diones, which is a signifi cant omission. It has seemed interesting to obtain 1,5-dicarbonyl compounds based on Meldrum acid as convenient substrates for further nucleophilic transformations into systems with biological activity. For the fi rst time, we have carried out the reaction of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione with 3-aryl-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-ones by stirring in an ethyl alcohol medium in the presence of a catalytic amount of L-proline, which resulted in the corresponding 5-(1-aryl-3-oxo-3-phenylpropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-diones. The introduction of 5-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxo-3-phenylpropyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione in reaction with N-nucleophiles (hydroxylamine hydrochloride, urea, thiourea and semicarbazide hydrochloride) has led to the formation of nucleophilic attack products of the carbonyl group of the acyclic fragment the substrate. The composition and structure of the obtained compounds have been established on the basis of elemental analysis and NMR 1 H, 13C spectroscopy, heteronuclear correlation of HSQC.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2023;23(4):404-410
404-410
Structure and supramolecular ordering of chitosan L- and D-aspartates
摘要
Chitosan (CS) with a viscosity-average molecular weight of 200 kDa and a deacetylation degree of 82 mol%, produced by Bioprogress Ltd. (RF) has been used in this work. Aqueous solutions of enantiomeric salt complexes of CS with L- and D-aspartic acid (AspA) have been obtained at an equimolar CS:AspA ratio, in terms of amino groups. Powders of CS·L-(D-) AspA salts have been isolated from the corresponding solutions by evaporation of water and stored in a desiccator at zero humidity. It has been established that under such conditions a water-soluble salt form of the polymer with lamellar light beige particles 0.05–1.0 mm in size is formed. Using the methods of elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray diff ractometry, the chemical interaction of CS with L-(D-)AspA in aqueous solution and condensed state has been evaluated, and the chemical structure and supramolecular ordering of these enantiomeric salts have been studied. It has been established that, according to the classifi cation of K. Ogawa et al., the formula unit CS·L-(D-)AspA corresponds to non-hydrated salts of type I, in which water molecules are replaced by acid anions. IR spectroscopy confi rmed the donor--acceptor polymer–acid interaction and revealed a developed system of intermolecular and intramolecular contacts. One- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy showed the interaction of pairs of atomic nuclei between H3–H6 of the polymer and 2Hβ or Hα of the acid, H1 or H2 and Hα, H1 and H3–H6, due to the spatial proximity of protons in repeating monomer units, in the “bend” chain segments removed along the chain, and in neighboring macromolecules. For CS·L-AspA, additional resonances have been identifi ed between H2 and H3–H6 of the polymer, for CS·D-AspA these have been between H1 or H2. X-ray diff ractometry has revealed a highly ordered orientation of macrochains and a high crystallinity degree, untypical for CS salts. The salt complex CS·D-AspA, in contrast to CS·L-AspA, is characterized by a smaller amount of crystallization water, a more ordered supramolecular structure, and a more developed system of intermolecular and intramolecular contacts.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2023;23(4):411-425
411-425
Genomic rearrangements aff ect the resistance of biofi lms of soil bacteria Azospirillum brasilense to abiotic stress
摘要
The bacteria Azospirillum brasilense, used as biofertilizers, have a signifi cant positive eff ect on the growth and development of plants. The genome of the strain A. brasilense Sp7 is represented by a chromosome and numerous plasmids with molecular weight of 90, 115, and over 300 MDa. Genomic rearrangements that cause changes in the “plasmid profi le” can contribute to the formation of subpopulations or phenotypic variants in a bacterial population. There is little data on the role of such rearrangements in the adaptation of A. brasilenseto dynamic environmental conditions. The ability of azospirilla to form biofi lms also has a determined signifi cance for the successful functioning of the plant-microbial association and the resistance of bacteria and plants to various abiotic stresses. The purpose of this work consisted of the analysis of the genomic rearrangements in spontaneous derivatives of A. brasilense Sp7 and the assessment of the resistance of their biofi lms to drying, water stress and oxidative stress. PCR analysis to detect changes in the structure of genomic DNA was performed using primers corresponding to known conservative motifs in repetitive bacterial nucleotide sequences. The relative amount of the biofi lm biomass was assessed by measuring the crystal violet A540 desorbed after staining. The level of relative respiratory activity of cells in biofi lms was determined by the fl uorometric resazurin test. The non-penetrating osmotic agent PEG 6000 was used to create the osmotic/water stress model. It was shown that rearrangements in genomic DNA contribute to the formation of stable phenotypic variants of the Sp7 strain, which form biofi lms in diff erent ways under water stress conditions. A derived strain of A. brasilense Sp7.8, the biofi lm population of which is more resistant to water stress compared to the parent strain was selected.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2023;23(4):426-436
426-436
Molecular genetic analysis of Yersinia pestis strains isolated in diff erent epizootic periods on the territory of the Ural-Embensky desert natural plague focus area in the twentieth century
摘要
We performed a molecular genetic analysis of Yersinia pestis strains isolated in the Ural-Embensky desert natural plague focus area in the twentieth century. We studied 24 strains of Y. pestis isolated on this territory since 1945 to1991, as well as 21 strains of Y. pestis from adjacent territories. All of the strains studied from the Ural-Embensky natural focus of plague belonged to the highly virulent and epidemically signifi cant medieval biovar of the main subspecies Y. pestis. According to the results of the WG-SNP analysis and subsequent phylogenetic reconstruction based on 1353 SNPs, the maximum likelihood method (Maximum Likelihood, GTR model) revealed 6 key phylopopulations, which included strains isolated during diff erent periods of epidemic and epizootic activity in the study area. It has been established that there were three waves of spread of the 2.MED1 branch of the medieval biovar to the territory of Ural-Embensky desert natural plague focus. Strains isolated before 1945 belong to the fi rst wave of spread of the 2.MED1 branch to the territory of the Northern Caspian Region. The second wave is considered to be the 1968–1974 strains. They have close genetic similarities with strains from the Mangyshlak (1978) and Ustyurt desert plague foci (1962 and 1975). The third wave includes strains isolated after 1966. They are genetically close to the strains from the North Aral foci (1945). The data obtained will be used for molecular-genetic detailing of the certifi cation of foci in which this highly virulent medieval Y. pestis biovar circulates. They are important for determining the patterns of spatiotemporal distribution of highly virulent strains of the 2.MED1 branch of the medieval biovar in the 20th century and for long-term forecasting of the epizootic activity of plague foci in the North-Eastern Caspian region in the current 21st century.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2023;23(4):437-446
437-446
Biological properties of soils of the "Nadedzhdinsky" and "Severo-Kamyshansky" oil fi elds located in the territory of the "Mekletsky" reserve
摘要
The most acute environmental problem in many regions of Russia and other countries is environmental pollution with oil and oil products. Soil pollution with oil products can occur in various emergencies in areas of oil production and processing, when oil pipelines break, which causes leakage and spills on the soil surface, as well as in places where oil products are distributed. The purpose of this study is to study the biological properties of soils in Kalmykia under conditions of oil and oil products pollution. The soils of the Nadezhdinskoye and Severo-Kamyshanskoye oilfi elds located on the territory of the Mekletinsky nature reserve were chosen as the objects of study. Laboratory and analytical studies, as well as sampling, were carried out using methods generally accepted in biology and soil science. The content of oil products in the soils of the oil fi eld is in a wide range: from 0.4 to 12.5%. A negative correlation was established between the content of oil products in the soil and the activity of catalase and phosphatase. Oil products have a negative impact on the growth and development of radishes. The exploitation of oil fi elds in specially protected natural areas leads to the fl ow of oil and oil products into the environment. In the soils of Kalmykia on the territory of oil fi elds, under the infl uence of pollution with oil and oil products, the activity of soil enzymes is inhibited, in addition, the soils exhibit a high degree of phytotoxicity with respect to test plants.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2023;23(4):447-460
447-460
Cytogenetic characteristics of species of the genus Chironomus of the group ‘‘plumosus’’ (Diptera, Chironomidae) in natural-territorial complexes of the Ural region
摘要
The polytene chromosomes of the cells of the salivary glands of the larvae of Ch. plumosus L. 1758, Ch. entis Shobanov 1989, Ch. borokensis Kerkis et al. 1988 and Ch. curabilis Beljanina et al. 1990 from 20 reservoirs of six natural-territorial complexes of the Ural region were studied. On the basis of a cytotaxonomic study, it was established that natural complexes diff er from each other in the species composition of the “plumosus” group, the ratio (in %) between species and, certain parameters of cytogenetic variability of Ch. plumosus, Ch. entis and Ch. borokensis. Comparative analysis revealed diff erences between groups of natural complexes. A signifi cantly lower frequency of occurrence of sequence of chromosome disks pluA1.2 was found within the Ural plain-mountainous country (Western foothill and Middle Ural low-mountain regions) compared with natural complexes on the eastern slopes of the Southern Urals and the West Siberian Plain at the junction with the Ural mountain range. Populations of Ch. plumosus of the Ural plain-mountain country have lower cytogenetic distances between themselves compared to populations of Ch. plumosus on the eastern slopes of the Southern Urals and the West Siberian Plain at the junction with the Ural Mountain Range. With respect to Ch. entis, these territories diff er from each other in the absence of sequence of chromosome disks entА1.2 within the Ural plain-mountain country. According to cytogenetic distances, the populations of Ch. entis on the eastern slopes of the Southern Urals and the West Siberian Plain country at the junction with the Ural Mountain Range diff er more from the population of Ch. entis of the Ural plain-mountain country than among themselves. In the north-south direction, it is necessary to indicate a signifi cantly lower frequency of occurrence of sequence of chromosome disks borB1.2 within the Ural plain-mountain country (Eastern Podgorny region) relative to a natural complex with a more southern location within the West Siberian Plain country (Tura Plain region). For Ch. borokensis the interpopulation cytogenetic distances were calculated for the fi rst time (0.0128±0.0017). Diff erences in this indicator between the natural complexes of the Ural region have not been established.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2023;23(4):461-471
461-471
Evaluation of activity of peroxidases contained in various plant sources
摘要
In this study, the decolorization reaction of aqueous solution bromophenol blue dye was carried out in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase contained in the roots of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), radish (Raphanus sativus var. radicula), yellow turnip (Brassica napobrassica), daikon (Raphanus sativus), black radish (Raphanus sativus ‘Niger’), green radish (Raphanus) or stalk of white cabbage (Brassica capitata). The reaction was carried out at an initial dye content of 25,1 μM, a hydrogen peroxide concentration of 0,4 mM, at t = 24 °C and pH 4,01, the peel of various vegetables was used as a source of peroxidase; it was inserted into the reaction without enzyme primary extraction. When using horseradish waste, black radish, white cabbage, turnips, it is possible to get the degree of decolorization of the dye in its aqueous solution by 95%. The maximum rate and Michaelis constants of the enzymatic reaction are calculated by the linearization method in the Linuiver – Burke coordinates. It is shown that the activity of peroxidase contained in the peel of black radish persists with an increase in temperature from 23 to 40 °С.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2023;23(4):472-478
472-478
Urban mallard population (Anas platyrhynchos) in Saratov: Wintering, nesting, degree of synanthropization
摘要
The article refl ects data on year-round studies of the urban mallard population in Saratov, allowing the assessment of the condition and the study of the factors infl uencing its formation. An estimate of the mallard population in the winter periods of 2020–2023 is presented. It is shown that the number negatively correlates with frosts and precipitation, and there is a statistically signifi cant positive relationship between the number of people feeding ducks and the number of mallards. The state of the wintering and nesting population is assessed according to the index of synanthropization, the rate and path of penetration of the species into urbanized landscapes, and the stage of formation of the urban population in Saratov is determined. Adaptations of mallards to life in urban conditions and their impact on the ecology of the species as a whole are highlighted. The article emphasizes the need for further research on the impact of urbanization on mallard ecology and the benefi ts of this species for the urban ecosystem. The importance of monitoring population dynamics for its adaptation to the urban environment and maintaining the stability of the entire population is noted. In addition, the article provides a basis for further studies of the urban mallard population and can be a valuable source of information for the development of local programs for managing the available resources of ducks living in the park area of the city.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology. 2023;23(4):479-490
479-490