Vol 25, No 3 (2025)
Economics
Regional value as a reflection of territories’ natural and geographical differences
Abstract
Introduction. The article proves the existence of regional value, which is formed taking into account natural, geographical and other features of a particular territory and reflects regional socially necessary labor costs. Theoretical analysis. The concept of “regional value” is disclosed. In relation to Russian reality, the theory of value should take into account the natural and geographical features of individual territories that affect regional socially necessary labor costs per unit of output, which differ significantly across Russia. Empirical analysis. The regional factors influencing the differentiation of individual costs that form regional value are presented. It is proved that out of many factors, it is the population’s level of income and transportation costs that form regional price differences to the greatest extent, and all other factors correlate with them. The article provides data on regional coefficients, northern allowances, the amount of the freight transportation cost, which are included in production costs and in the individual cost of goods or services. Results. The differentiation of regional value is reflected in regional prices, and in the cost of a fixed set of goods and services in general. Taking into account regional cost is necessary for developing effective regional policy and making informed economic decisions.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(3):222-230
222-230
Trade wars in the new stage of globalization
Abstract
Introduction. Transnationalization did not contribute to smoothing out contradictions between the subjects of global economy; it complicated and intensified the competitive struggle, even leading to trade wars. Theoretical analysis. The previous stage of globalization was characterized by the growing involvement of countries in global value chains. However, as the role of cheap labor and raw materials in value creation declined, a slowing trend in global fragmentation of production began to be observed. The world’s largest exporters – the United States and China – began to reduce the share of foreign added value in exported products, which inevitably led to a conflict in the form of a trade war, meaning the widespread use of restrictive and stimulating measures of protectionist policy. Empirical analysis. China’s high economic growth and increased international competitiveness have led to a significant increase in its share of global exports, including information and communication technologies goods. Acceleration of digitalization and the formation of ecosystems have led to an increase in the growth rate of global trade in commercial services, with the United States and other developed economies taking the lead. Over the past decade, developing countries have become more lag-free in software services trade. Results. Among the characteristic features of the new stage of globalization, which exacerbate the contradictions of the world economy and lead to trade wars, it is necessary to highlight: structural imbalances between the USA and major participants in world trade, which have developed for objective reasons as a result of the dominance of the services sector in the structure of the US economy; the transformation of global chains of value creation of goods into global chains of value creation of services under the influence of robotization, the reduction of the role of cheap labor as a competitive advantage; the complication of competition in the sphere of intellectual property protection, the provision of software services, and research and development services.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(3):231-242
231-242
Statistical study of the Russian population’s income and expenditure
Abstract
Introduction. The paper proposes an original author’s approach to the statistical study of income and expenses of Russian residents, based on the presentation of the balance of income and expenses per capita in constant prices of 2023. Theoretical analysis. The calculation is based on the assumption that the possibility of accumulation is the most reliable indicator of the citizens’ financial well-being quality. And the difference between per capita income and expenses reflects the availability of free monetary resources for savings purposes in addition to satisfying ordinary current needs, regardless of their necessity. Еmpirical analysis. The data obtained indicate unevenness of accumulation opportunities in different regions of Russia, which shows significant differentiation in the population’s standard of living. Moreover, the calculation indicates a different plane of measurement of these disproportions in comparison with classical comparisons of income and expenses and the decisive importance of the resource-geographical factor for accumulation opportunities. Results. The application of the author’s approach allowed us to establish that the most prosperous regions in terms of accumulation of funds for the period 2000–2023 in Russia were the Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Chukotka Autonomous districts. The outsiders in this list are the Stavropol and Krasnodar regions. Comparison of the balance of income in constant prices of 2023 for 2000 and 2023 allowed us to conclude that the greatest increase was achieved for the already mentioned leading regions. While the result was negative for Kalmykia and Krasnodar region – here the opportunities for accumulation in 2023 were lower than in 2000.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(3):243-251
243-251
Management
System analysis of entrepreneurial projects
Abstract
Introduction. Entrepreneurship is one of the main markets of the economy, and the risk of doing business is high. This determines the relevance of creating an entrepreneurial game, the first step towards the implementation of which is the structuring of entrepreneurial activity in the form of a system analysis, which is given in this article. Theoretical analysis. Conceptual differences between a business and an entrepreneurial project are highlighted, the need for a system analysis of entrepreneurial activity is substantiated. Using the outlined main approaches, a system analysis of entrepreneurial projects is carried out: the system is structured into basic elements, structural, functional, resource analyses are carried out, and the understanding of the stages of life cycles is deepened. Results. The main part of the work for the stages of decomposition and analysis within the framework of the methodology for system analysis has been completed. Further steps and tasks have been defined. The qualitative result of the article is the structuring of entrepreneurial activity and a deeper understanding of its essence. The point of the scientific novelty is the models of creating entrepreneurial functions at the stages of the entrepreneurial projects’ life cycle.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(3):252-261
252-261
Lаw
Thought experiment in the history of political and legal doctrines: Lon Fuller’s “The Case of the Speluncean Explorers”
Abstract
Introduction. In modern scientific research, the thought experiment remains relevant in both natural and social sciences. Its use in theoretical legal science is particularly significant, as it compensates for the impossibility of practical verification of hypotheses by real experiment. One of the most striking examples of the application of the thought experiment is Lon Fuller’s “The Case of the Speluncean Explorers”, published in 1949. In the experiment the author simulates a judicial process, imitating a conflict of different approaches to understanding and interpreting law. Theoretical analysis. As part of this thought experiment, Fuller examines the case of the forced murder of a man by a group of speleologists in an emergency situation. The arguments of the five fictional judges demonstrate different doctrinal approaches: formalism, legal process, natural law, legal realism, and an emotional-relativistic approach. This experiment not only raises the question of the nature of justice and moral responsibility, but also reflects the real contradictions in the legal concepts of the mid-20th century. By joining Fuller’s experiment, the reader is forced to solve them independently, which is how the heuristic nature of the methodological tool chosen by the thinker manifests itself. Еmpirical analysis. The authors show that the “The Case of the Speluncean Explorers” is actively used to discuss theoretical and ethical aspects of law. The positions of the judges were analyzed, their strengths and weaknesses were identified. Special attention is paid to the emotional factor that prevents the achievement of a unanimous decision. Results. Fuller’s thought experiment effectively reveals the drama of legal decision-making, stimulates deep reflection on the moral aspects of law, and demonstrates the importance of integrating different approaches for an adequate understanding of the essence of law and justice.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(3):262-268
262-268
The role of judicial acts in promoting the legitimacy of legal policy and authority of power
Abstract
Introduction. The judiciary plays an important role in the formation and promotion of legal policy and its legitimate vector of development. This is manifested not only in the educational potential of judicial acts and the disciplinary impact of justice itself, but also in other ways of influencing the consciousness of the population. These methods may not be the main ones, but accompanying ones. Theoretical analysis. The appeal of modern law enforcement officers to the texts of explanatory notes of regulatory acts in search of teleological meanings is one of those techniques that are used in interpretation. However, the author saw its significance not only for interpretative purposes. At the current stage of development of society and law, an appeal to explanatory notes in law enforcement interpretation has become a frequently sought-after technique, as evidenced by the author’s analysis of modern judicial practice. Empirical analysis. It was revealed that the appeal to an explanatory note allows not to bypass the true will of the legislator, adjusting the broad possibilities of the law enforcement officer, turning the practice into a single channel. But to increase the effectiveness of such activities, it is certainly necessary to adjust the in formativeness of explanatory notes drawn up by subjects of legislative initiative, focusing attention in them on the purpose of adopting a future normative act. Results. The potential of law enforcement interpretation makes it possible to express solidarity with legislators, realizing the social role of justice, filling it with teleological meanings, emphasizing the content of the expected changes in social relations. The emerging vector of law interpretation activities “highlights” the significant social role of justice, in addition to the educational one, which is optionally also seen in legal propaganda of the legitimacy of modern legal policy.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(3):269-275
269-275
Philosophical and anthropological foundations of law in light of the ideas of the outstanding scientist Sergei Sergeevich Alekseev
Abstract
Introduction. The article is devoted to the scientific legacy of the outstanding scientist and politician Sergei Sergeevich Alekseev in the development of the philosophical foundations of the theory of law. His scientific work is a notable phenomenon in the legal life of the country. The founder of the Ural scientific school in the theory of state and law, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head of the Institute of Philosophy and Law of the Ural Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, S. S. Alekseev was one of the main developers of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. He played a prominent role in creating the foundations of the rule of law in Russia. Theoretical analysis. The philosophical heritage of the scientist, the philosophical and anthropological doctrine of law, where its extra-legal foundations are identified and its role and significance are rethought, were analyzed. The author’s main provisions on the beginning of initial rights were revealed. The substantiation of the scientific process of the ascent of positive law with the gradual growth of its natural-legal coordinates was considered. The ethno cultural certainty of law was distinguished in the doctrine of S. S. Alekseev, with an appeal to the biological nature of man, his mindset and mentality. Empirical analysis. The modernity of the scientist’s ideas in relation to the present was highlighted. Based on the empirical material of the normative consolidation of the customs of the peoples of the country, the idea of confirming the doctrine of S. S. Alekseev on the conditions of the effectiveness of law, taking into account the philosophical and anthropological component, was substantiated. The connection of the scientist’s doctrine with the current urgent problems of saving the peoples of Russia was established. Results. The philosophical foundations of legal anthropology deepen, concretize and develop knowledge about law as a specific social phenomenon. The philosophical and anthropological aspect makes it possible to discover the dialogic structure of law, where its moral component can be traced. The merit of the scientist in developing the doctrines of not only law as an idea in its universal understanding, but also national law was demonstrated. It was revealed that the value of each legal norm and law will manifest itself if it corresponds to the dynamics of public life and the tasks set for the transformation of society.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(3):276-283
276-283
Legal support for technological policy in Russia: Systemic analysis and ways of improvement
Abstract
Introduction. The implementation of the updated political course aimed at ensuring technological leadership requires comprehensive legal determination and creation of a balanced regulatory framework. Theoretical аnalysis. The significance of legal instruments was verified within the systemic paradigm of technological policy implementation mechanisms, which resulted in establishing their functional role in the structure of state mechanisms for achieving technological leadership. Empirical аnalysis. The analytical review of the current state of legal regulation of technological policy in the Russian Federation was conducted, characterizing the normative legal mechanisms differentiated into two interrelated directions: public law and private law. Results. The problems of legal regulation were summarized: fragmentation of the regulatory framework, its inconsistency with modern economic conditions, challenges in implementing mechanisms of technological sovereignty, outdated intellectual property protection mechanisms, gaps in regulating new technologies, and insufficient flexibility of legal instruments. The conclusion was drawn about the need for a systemic approach to improving legislation to ensure technological leadership, taking into account the interconnection of public and private legal instruments, which will create a sustainable legal foundation for achieving the strategic goals of technological policy.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(3):284-291
284-291
Trends in the development of the banking system of the Russian Federation
Abstract
Introduction. Recently, the actions of the Bank of Russia have been the subject of close attention of both the professional community and the general public. Against the background of public controversy over their validity and compliance with the strategic development goals of the Russian Federation, the author examines the current trends in the management of the domestic banking system and predicts the potential results of the development of these trends. Theoretical analysis. The study of the main banking operations – lending, attracting funds to deposits, opening and maintaining bank accounts – has been conducted from the point of view of government "interference" in these areas of financial activity. It has been established that in the Russian banking system, as well as in the field of related infrastructure, there is an active substitution of banking services provided by commercial credit organizations with similar financial services provided directly by the Central Bank and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (or legal entities controlled by them). Empirical analysis. The study of the regulatory actions taken by the legislator and the Bank of Russia, the analysis of law enforcement practices formed by the highest judicial authorities, as well as the dynamics of bank liquidity show that market competition without concomitant government management influence alone is not capable of improving the quality of banking services. Results. It is noted that commercial banking is gradually being squeezed out of the traditional spheres of its professional activity, which leads to an increasing "nationalization" of the banking system of the Russian Federation. The reasons for the emergence and development of the identified trends have been considered, as well as their subjective author’s assessment has been proposed.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(3):292-302
292-302
The legal nature of cultural rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the Russian Federation
Abstract
Introduction. In the Russian Federation, the interest in cultural issues is growing every year both at the state level and in society. Development of infrastructure in the cultural sphere, implementation of cultural initiatives and projects by citizens of the Russian Federation have a significant impact on ensuring cultural rights and freedoms. These factors predetermine the feasibility of studying cultural rights and freedoms as a constitutional value, identifying their legal nature, including specific features. Theoretical analysis. The authors reveal the legal nature of cultural rights and freedoms. This nature includes both general features inherent in the entire institution of human and civil rights and freedoms, which is confirmed by the unity of all human and civil rights and freedoms as a constitutional value, and the substantive features of this subgroup of rights and freedoms, the presence of an internal system of cultural rights and freedoms. It was revealed that in the science of constitutional law there are no comprehensive works devoted to the analysis of cultural rights and freedoms, their system, features, implementation mechanism and guarantees. It is the presence of these factors that predetermined the feasibility of analyzing the legal nature of this subgroup of rights and freedoms. The legal nature of cultural rights and freedoms is determined by the guarantees of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the details in the industry legislation. Empirical analysis. It was demonstrated that the current legislation in the field of culture is partially outdated, does not meet the challenges of the time and requires the adoption of new legislative acts, in particular, a new law on culture. In addition, there are problems in the normative and legal regulation of these rights and freedoms (since there are no federal laws regulating certain types of cultural activity, in particular, crafts). Results. The result of the study was the analysis of the legal nature of cultural rights and freedoms as a constitutional value. The main cultural rights and freedoms represent a single system associated with other rights and freedoms and having both the characteristics, inherent in all rights and freedoms, and specific ones, characteristic only of this group of rights and freedoms. In addition, cultural rights and freedoms have their own internal hierarchy. The allocation of subgroups of cultural rights depends on the type of human cultural activity. Recommendations for improving the current legislation in the sphere of culture were given.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(3):303-312
303-312
Competence of regional government bodies to ensure the security of urban municipalities: Legal regulation and implementation practice
Abstract
Introduction. Currently, 75% of the population of the Russian Federation live in cities, the vast majority of which are municipalities. All of them are part of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The federal state structure of the Russian Federation, due to the scale of the territory of our country, allows regional government bodies to take into account various features of threats and dangers characteristic of certain subjects of the Federation. In this regard, it seems appropriate to analyze the legal consolidation and practice of implementing the powers of regional authorities in the field of security and to determine the features of its provision depending not only on the specifics of the subjects of the Russian Federation, but also on the legal and factual characteristics of the city. Theoretical analysis. The problems of ensuring regional security have been in the focus of attention of legal scholars for a long time, but the security of cities, which constitute an important part of the territory of the subjects of the Federation, has not been given due attention. The live analysis of the studies devoted to the problems of regional security showed that this level of security is recognized as basic, implemented primarily by government bodies of the subjects of the Federation in all spheres of life established by law. At the same time, attention is focused on the study of various categories of cities and the mutual influence of urban and regional security. Empirical analysis. The regulatory legal acts of the federal and, to a greater extent, regional levels were analyzed. It was shown that, on the basis of legal provisions, government bodies take necessary and possible organizational and managerial measures to ensure the safety of cities. As a result of the study, shortcomings and gaps in legal regulation that have a direct impact on the effectiveness of law enforcement activities of government bodies to ensure the safety of cities were identified, and measures aimed at its improvement were proposed. Results. The author concluded that urban security depends on the legal status of the city and its various parameters: geographical and political location, size of the territory, prospects for development or degradation, primary purpose or multifunctionality, population density, infrastructure development, etc. Taking into account the ongoing processes of urbanization and suburbanization, it can be argued that the problems of ensuring urban security remain relevant and will affect regional and interregional security, and, therefore, their solution at this level of governance is in demand and necessary.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(3):313-322
313-322
Laws that abolish or derogate the rights and freedoms of man and citizen: Theoretical and practical problems of interpretation
Abstract
Introduction. Among the constitutional foundations of the rule of law, a special place is occupied by the norms aimed at ensuring the unity and consistency of the Russian legal system. The fundamental norms of this nature include the provision of Part 1 of Article 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which stipulates that laws and other legal acts adopted in the Russian Federation must not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the distortion of the legal nature of Russian statehood is, in a certain sense, prevented by the prohibition on issuing laws that abolish or derogate the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, established by Part 2 of Article 55 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Theoretical analysis. The article considers the issue of the methods of formally expressing a similar prohibition in the constitutions (charters) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and highlights the diversity of legal models of its legal and technical presentation. The positions of researchers regarding the terminology used in the Constitution of the Russian Federation have been presented: conclusions on the interpretation of the concepts of "law" and "normative legal act" have been provided. The article outlines the features of a normative legal act specified in three draft federal laws on the fundamentals of lawmaking and law enforcement in the Russian Federation. Empirical analysis. In order to identify the approach of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation to the problem under study, its decisions made both before and after the constitutional reform of 2020 were analyzed. Particular emphasis was placed on the normative design of its powers due to amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020. Results. The literal interpretation of the concept of "law" in the context of Part 2 of Article 55 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (in the meaning of "federal law") excludes the possibility of talking about the abolition or derogation of rights and freedoms by other normative legal acts. However, the practice of the highest judicial body of constitutional review in the Russian Federation indicates the opposite: conclusions on the cancellation and (or) derogation of rights and freedoms are found in the decisions made following the consideration of cases on the verification of the constitutionality of provisions of the law of a subject of the Russian Federation, a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, etc.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(3):323-335
323-335
Date
Dedicated to the memory of veterans...
Abstract
В 2025 году наша страна отметила 80-летие Победы в Великой Отечественной войне – знаменательное событие, которое продолжает жить в сердцах миллионов. День Победы остается не просто исторической датой, а живым свидетельством того, что добро, справедливость и любовь к Родине способны преодолеть любые испытания. Это праздник, который объединяет всю страну, напоминая о самом главном: о ценности мира, о важности единства, о силе человеческого духа. И пока мы будем достойны памяти наших предков, пока будем бережно хранить их наследие, Победа будет жить вечно.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Economics. Management. Law. 2025;25(3):336-342
336-342