Lipoprotein (a) levels in children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
- Authors: Galimova L.F.1,2, Sadykova D.I.2,3, Slastnikova E.S.1,2,3, Khaliullina C.D.2, Salakhova K.R.2,3
-
Affiliations:
- Children’s Republican Clinical Hospital
- Kazan State Medical University
- Kazan Federal University
- Issue: Vol 15, No 4 (2024)
- Pages: 290-298
- Section: Original study articles
- URL: https://journal-vniispk.ru/2221-7185/article/view/281636
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/CS635072
- ID: 281636
Cite item
Full Text
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Recent studies show that lipoprotein (a), or Lp(a), plays a specific role in the development of atherosclerosis. Lp(a) promotes atherogenesis by increasing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and depositing on the arterial wall. There are limited studies of Lp(a) in children with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), and the results are not specified by age.
AIM: To determine serum Lp(a) in children with heterozygous FH for different age groups.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comparative, prospective, longitudinal, cohort study was conducted in 2017–2022. The study group included 243 children aged 5 to 17 years (Ме 11 [7.0–15.0]), of which 122 children had heterozygous FH. The control group included 121 healthy children. The control and study groups were divided into 3 age subgroups (5–7, 8–12, 13–17 years). Total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and Lp(a) were determined in all children.
RESULTS: All first-degree relatives in the FH group had concomitant cardiovascular diseases (84.1% on the paternal side, 9.1% on the maternal side). Coronary artery disease was diagnosed in 84% (102) of parents, 89% (109) had atherosclerosis of brachiocephalic arteries, and 6.6% (8) had cerebrovascular accident (atherothrombotic stroke). The analysis revealed a significantly increased Lp(a) levels in FH patients (14.8 [6.3–24.3] mg/dL) compared to the control group (10.8 [5.5–14.8] mg/dL, p=0.0002). An individual serum Lp(a) analysis in the study and control groups showed that no healthy children had Lp(a) levels above 30 mg/dL. Among FH patients, 14.7% (18) had increased Lp(a) levels >30 mg/dL, and Lp(a) 50 mg/dL was noted in 4 of them. Children with FH and Lp(a) levels >30 mg/dL were found to be 3.5 times more likely (95% confidence interval: 1.14–10.33, p=0.0239) to have family members with the onset of acute coronary syndrome prior to 40 years of age.
CONCLUSION: High heritability estimates for Lp(a) highlights the need to measure it in patients with FH and offers an opportunity for reverse cascade screening to identify adult family members with FH at even greater risk of early cardiovascular accidents.
Full Text
##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Liliya F. Galimova
Children’s Republican Clinical Hospital; Kazan State Medical University
Email: lilu1@inbox.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5576-5279
SPIN-code: 8427-6727
MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)
Russian Federation, 420138 Kazan; 49 Butlerov street, 420012 KazanDinara I. Sadykova
Kazan State Medical University; Kazan Federal University
Email: sadykovadi@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6662-3548
SPIN-code: 2455-6428
MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Research Laboratory ”Genetics and Clinic of Human Lipid Metabolism”
Russian Federation, 49 Butlerov street, 420012 Kazan; 420008 KazanEvgeniia S. Slastnikova
Children’s Republican Clinical Hospital; Kazan State Medical University; Kazan Federal University
Email: e.slastnikova@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1732-7443
SPIN-code: 9025-7570
MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine) , Research Laboratory ”Genetics and Clinic of Human Lipid Metabolism”
Russian Federation, 420138 Kazan; 49 Butlerov street, 420012 Kazan; 420008 KazanChulpan D. Khaliullina
Kazan State Medical University
Email: chulpandanilevna@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6667-7725
SPIN-code: 9224-5882
postgraduate student
Russian Federation, 49 Butlerov street, 420012 KazanKarina R. Salakhova
Kazan State Medical University; Kazan Federal University
Author for correspondence.
Email: karina.salakh@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7327-7025
SPIN-code: 5764-8282
postgraduate student, Research Laboratory ”Genetics and Clinic of Human Lipid Metabolism”
Russian Federation, 49 Butlerov street, 420012 Kazan; 420008 KazanReferences
- Russian Statistical Yearbook 2022: Stat.book. Moscow, Rosstat; 2022. Available from: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Ejegodnik_2022.pdf (In Russ).
- Kukharchuk VV, Ezhov MV, Sergienko IV, et al. Diagnostics and correction of lipid metabolism disorders in order to prevent and treat atherosclerosis. Russian recommendations VII revision. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Dyslipidemias. 2020;38(1):7–40. EDN: PVKMLP doi: 10.34687/2219-8202.JAD.2020.01.0002
- Christie S, Robiou-du-Pont S, Anand SS, et al. Genetic contribution to lipid levels in early life based on 158 loci validated in adults: the FAMILY study. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):68. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-00102-1
- Tokgozoglu L, Kayikcioglu M. Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Global Burden and Approaches. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2021;23(10):151. doi: 10.1007/s11886-021-01565-5
- Van der Valk F, Bekkering S, Kroon J, et al. Oxidized Phospholipids on Lipoprotein(a) Elicit Arterial Wall Inflammation and an Inflammatory Monocyte Response in Humans. Circulation. 2016;134(8.):611–624. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.020838
- Dirisamer A, Stadler A, Bucek R, Widhalm K. ApoB-100 and ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio in children and adolescents from families with very early myocardial infarction. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95(7):810–813. doi: 10.1080/08035250500509172
- Qayum O, Alshami N, Ibezim C, et al. Lipoprotein (a): Examination of Cardiovascular Risk in a Pediatric Referral Population. Pediatr Cardiol. 2018;39(8):1540–1546. doi: 10.1007/s00246-018-1927-3
- Ezhov MV, Bazhan SS, Ershova AI, et al. Clinical guidelines for familial hypercholesterolemia. Ateroscleroz. 2019;15(1):58–98. EDN: OVPXWS
- De Boer L, Hutten B, Zwinderman A, Wiegman A. Lipoprotein(a) levels in children with suspected familial hypercholesterolaemia: a cross-sectional study. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(16):1421–1428. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac660
- Maranhão R, Carvalho P, Strunz C, Pileggi F. Lipoprotein (a): structure, pathophysiology and clinical implications. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;103(1):76-84. doi: 10.5935/abc.20140101
- Von Zychlinski A, Williams M, McCormick S, Kleffmann T. Absolute quantification of apolipoproteins and associated proteins on human plasma lipoproteins. J Proteomics. 2014;106:181–190. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.04.030
- McNeal C.J. Lipoprotein(a): Its relevance to the pediatric population. J Clin Lipidol. 2015;9:57–66. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.07.006
- Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Russo C, et al. Lipoprotein(a) in cardiovascular diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:650989. doi: 10.1155/2013/650989
- Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Ray K, et al. European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(23):2844–2853. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq386
- Lampsas S, Xenou M, Oikonomou E, et al. Lipoprotein(a) in Atherosclerotic Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment. Molecules. 2023;28(3):969. doi: 10.3390/molecules28030969
- Li S, Wu N, Zhu C, et al. Significance of lipoprotein(a) levels in familial hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 2017;260:67–74. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.03.021
- Raitakari O, Kartiosuo N, Pahkala K, et al. Lipoprotein(a) in Youth and Prediction of Major Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adulthood. Circulation. 2023;147(1):23–31. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060667
- Lapinleimu J, Raitakari O, Lapinleimu H, et al. High lipoprotein(a) concentrations are associated with impaired endothelial function in children. J Pediatr. 2015;166(4):947–952. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.12.051
- Goldenberg N, Bernard T, Hillhouse J, et al. Elevated lipoprotein (a), small apolipoprotein (a), and the risk of arterial ischemic stroke in North American children. Haematologica. 2013;98(5):802–807. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2012.073833
- Narverud I, Retterstol K, Iversen P, et al. Markers of atherosclerotic development in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a literature review. Atherosclerosis. 2014;235(2):299–309. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.917
Supplementary files
