No 2 (2022)
LINGUISTICS
FEATURES OF THE IMAGE-FORMING VERBS USING IN THE YAKUT AND ALTAI EPICS
Abstract
The image-forming verbs represent a special lexico-semantic group of verbs, in the meaning of which the main function is performed by sensorial perception and action, and in many cases, the visual image appears. The article provides a study of image-forming verbs of the Yakut and Altai languages, which perform the function of epic expressive means and are often applicable in the speech of the narrator. The purpose of this study is the identification of the structural and semantic specifics of image-forming verbs of the Yakut and Altai languages, and establishment of the functional features of this verbs group in the epic text. Materials of research: Yakut olonkho “Bogatyr Köbyue Dzhagyl” of P. Khabarov and Altai epic “Altai Buuchay” of N. Ulagashev. The systematization of verbs was done based on the work of L. N. Kharitonov. Methods: continuous sampling method for collecting verbs from epic texts; component analysis, which considers the meaning of the word as consisting of elementary meanings (signs, components, seme); the method of contextual (distribution) analysis, which allows to identify various meanings and nuances of the meanings of the studied verbs by their function inside the text. Result: 17 verbs have been identified from the Yakut olonkho and 10 verbs – from the Altai epic; verbs are divided into groups: verbs of movement in a broad sense; verbs characterizing gait, body movement, body parts; verbs characterizing facial expressions, a person’s face; verbs characterizing light perception. Among the identified Yakut image-forming verbs borrowing of stems with Mongolian origin predominates, and for Altai verbs – the overwhelming majority of stems with Turkic origin. The function of image-forming verbs in olonkho is presented in the description of the terrain, wealth of the inhabitants and nature of the Middle World, also for characterizing positive and negative characters, revealing their well-being and appearance, and evaluating actions. In the Altai epic image-forming verbs are more involved in the description of characters. In addition, the analysis of these verbs shows that image-forming verbs in the Yakut and Altai epics serve as components of the widespread methods of imaginative description as comparison and parallelism. According to the author, the using of linguistic units as image-forming verbs can have common features and characteristics, despite the style of performance, skill and lexical resources of the narrator. To identify more specific general and distinctive functional features of image-forming verbs, it is necessary to conduct research with epic texts of large volumes.
Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022;(2):9-21
9-21
DISTRIBUTION OF COMPLEMENTIZERS IN THE URMI VARIETIES OF URMIYA
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to analyze the complementizer distribution in Urmi, a North Eastern Neo-Aramaic variety, as spoken nowadays in the village of Urmiya, Krasnodar Krai (Russia). The families of Urmi speakers mostly come from Iran, Armenia and Georgia, so the system of complement-marking in their varieties is compared to the patterns of the respective regional Urmi varieties, reported in the literature. The Urmi varieties in Urmiya display a variation in complementizer marking that is not directly accounted for by the initial dialectal division. Urmiya varieties also display some innovations. For instance, semantic contrasts in complements of perception verbs can be expressed by interrogative manner words: this pattern, even though typologically expectable, has so far been unattested in Urmi. The distribution of complementizers in the subjunctive has a functional basis, at least in elicited data: different-subject constructions tend to be more frequently introduced by a complementizer than same-subject constructions. I show that several of the innovations can be accounted for, or at least favoured by contact influence. The contact influence of Russian on complementation manifests as instances of both matter- and pattern-borrowing, but does not go deeper than complementizer marking and, probably, word order permutations. Thus, the distribution of complementizers in the Urmi of Urmiya is different from the distributions reported in the literature for Urmi of other regions, which reflects the fact that complement-marking is more prone to contact influence and innovations than deeper layers of syntax and morphology.
Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022;(2):22-33
22-33
TO THE QUESTION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE PAST TENSE FORMS -CHYKH/-CHYK/-YUK AND THEIR DIFFERENTIATION WITH FORMS -ZHEE, -CHU, -AACHCHY, -CHA (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE KHAKASS LANGUAGE)
Abstract
The article provides a review of the scientific literature devoted to the problem of etymology of the past tense forms -chykh/-chyk/-yuk, as well as an attempt to differentiate them with other forms identified by some researchers with the analyzed forms. There are two main points of view that are polemizing with each other. Besides, the author proposes own hypothesis based on existing views. It, i.e. the author’s hypothesis, is based on the material of the Khakass language, collected by the method of continuous sampling of texts from fiction, journalistic, and folklore literature. Comparing the semantics and some functions of Mongolian form -zhee, Qırghız one -chu, Yakut -aachchy, Tungus-Manchu -cha, and Khakass form -chykh, it is concluded that they are not identical to the latter and, respectively, to the forms -chyk/-chykh/-yuk of the Khakass, Tuvan, Tofalar, and Old Uighur languages. Special attention is paid to the combinations of the analyzed form -chykh with other indicative past tense affixes -gan, -dy, -tyr, -chan, -galakh, -(p)chatkhan. It is revealed that in the Khakass language there is the analytical construction -gan polchykh, in this regard the assumption of the contraction of auxiliary verb er- ‘to be’ in form -ganchykh -gan + er-chykh is doubtful. Sampling shows that in the Khakass language, form -chykh is most often used in narration, and is rarely found in direct speech. It is interesting that in the first case narration is performed from the third person. Cases of the use of this form in the first, second persons have not been found. As our language material has shown, form -chykh in the Khakass language has the property of combining with different parts of speech and changing the position in the structure of a verbal word form, likewise particle okh/ -yok is written together with a word form. This illustrates the thesis that form -chykh is an affirmative particle, once often used when describing past events and which began to take personal affixes over time.
Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022;(2):34-46
34-46
ATTRIBUTIVE USE OF DEVERBAL NOUNS IN EVENKI
Abstract
The paper considers deverbal nouns with nominalization markers -кӣт, -дяк, -вун. Their meaning and use are considered. The study is based on the corpus of oral stories in Evenki as well as on Evenki newspapers, and on texts translated from Russian. The focus of the study is the mechanism as to how the attributive use appears. The action -кӣт, -дяк, -вун nominalizations occur mostly in recent newspaper texts, whereas in oral stories, locative nominalizations in -кӣт, -дяк and instrumental/resultative nominalizations in -вун can be found. Nominalizations in the attributive position were also found in newspaper texts and texts of the XXI century translated from Russian. We claim that the attributive use of nominalizations under consideration was the consequence of the lack of adjectives with an abstract relational meaning, such as ‘medical’ or ‘preparatory’. The nouns in -кӣт, -дяк, -вун are morphologically nouns, and syntactically they preserve the verbal subcategorization property, and require an Accusative noun. Based on the data of the Accusative object of the verbal stem, we proposed that the -кӣт, -дяк, -вун nominalizations are phrasal (the VP consisting of the verb stem and its object gets nominalized). The nominalization markers -кӣт, -дяк, -вун are NP heads. In the attributive use, the nominalization markers undergoes further grammaticalization and semantic erosion, and becomes the attributivity marker, or relator. The relator links the predicative/attributive word (the -кӣт, -дяк, -вун nominalization) to its subject (the noun). The attributive structure emerges from the predicative structure: these two structures are considered as related and consisting of subject and predicate. To illustrate the derivations, generative grammar structures are used.
Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022;(2):47-58
47-58
FAMILY ANTHROPONYMS FORMED FROM RELATIONSHIP TERMS
Abstract
The article analyzes family anthroponyms associated with lexemes expressing family relationships. The study revealed a large number of surnames belonging to this group. The special majority are anthroponymic units formed by adding such terms of kinship as ata ‘father’, baba ‘grandfather’, eiən ‘grandson’, аҡai ‘elder brother’, etc. These anthroponyms are considered one of the most ancient. The high frequency of use in the book «Bashkir Shezhere» of such personal names associated with lexemes denoting kinship relations, such as Adykai, Atikey, Atagai-biy, Kuste, Mirzakilde, Mirzash, Myrzai, Myrzash Babysh, Sabai, Tenei, Tenekai (Tenkei), confirm the archaic nature of the onyms of this species. The study also proved the formation of most of the anthroponyms we are considering from lexemes with the meaning of consanguinity. In the article, for the first time, an analysis was made of the participation in the formation of anthroponyms of such lexemes with the meaning of kinship relations that are used in dialects of the Bashkir language, such as aby, aҡai ‘elder brother’, babҡai, babyҡai, dəүəтəй ‘grandfather’, tөpsөк ‘the youngest’. In the course of this study, it was suggested that anthroponyms based on dialect lexemes with the meaning of kinship are inherent exclusively in these dialects. It was also revealed that many Turkic peoples have many personal names formed from kinship terms, in particular, for example, the Kyrgyz people have many proper names with the ata component, and the name of the young dancer Kirghiz Atai is currently known.
Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022;(2):59-66
59-66
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE HUNTER IN THE LANGUAGE WORLDVIEW OF THE EVENKI
Abstract
The article deals with the problem of the linguistic and cultural description of the conceptosphere of the Evenkilanguage, which is relevant for research in modern Tungus studies. The conceptualization of the hunter in thelinguistic picture of the Evenki is investigated. Hunting, which is an aboriginal occupation of the Tungus, playeda key role in the formation of their linguistic picture of the world. The concept “Beyū mekit/hunting” has a clearlystructured system: 1) the subject of hunting (hunter); 2) the objects of hunting: hoofed and furred animals; 3) prey(meat, animal skin); 4) means and methods of hunting; 5) place of hunting; 6) road used for hunting; 7) huntingseason; 8) animal traces; 9) dog – helper of hunter; 10) spirit – master of hunting. Being a basic element withinthe concept “Beyū mekit/hunting”, the conceptualization of the hunter is characterized by the following conceptualfeatures: 1) a man; 2) hunting (hoofed and furred animals); 3) with bow or gun; 4) for the purpose of food andacquisition of hides for clothing. As a component of the concept “Beyū mekit/hunting” the mental formation“Beyū ktemni/hunter” contains conceptual, figurative and value components. These elements are investigated withthe usage of lexicographic material and recordings of authentic texts from native speakers. The Evenki hunteris a recognizable image of the representatives of the Tungus culture, and he is the culture of his ethnos. Thecombination of lexical units denoting the hunter characterizes not only figurative, but also conceptual and valueattributes of the concept in question. The presence of root bases denoting hunting and found in all the Tungus-Manchzhurian languages testifies to its primordiality among the Tungus.
Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022;(2):67-76
67-76
DEICTIC PARTICLES IN THE KHAKASS LANGUAGE
Abstract
This article presents the results of a study of deictic (indicative) particles in the Khakass language. Deictic particles, like other indicative words, act as words that serve to determine the degree of remoteness of an object relative to the position of the speaker (“deictic center”). Each language has its own (binomial, trinomial and more) system for determining the degree of remoteness of the subject relative to the deictic center. In the Khakass language, the degree of remoteness of objects relative to the speaking person is determined through a threeterm system: proximal (“closer to the speaking person”), medial (“a little further from the speaking person”) and extreme (“far from the speaking person”). Unlike deictic locative adverbs and pronouns, deictic particles have a convergence of medial and extreme deixis: for the mna particle, the near deixis is the key, and for tigine and ana, the far deixis is the key. In addition, these particles are often used together with the corresponding series of deictic adverbs, deictic pronouns and other words to clarify the idea of indication, general assessment of the situation, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the object, etc. An anaphoric function is characteristic of the particle ana in combination with words expressing a spatial and temporal interval.
Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022;(2):77-89
77-89
ANTHROPOLOGY
DOCUMENTARY FILM AS A REASON TO RETURN TO THE PAST (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE RUSSIAN HISTORY OF THE SEARCH FOR THE ZEPPELIN “ITALIA”)
Abstract
In 1928, the main sensation for the whole world was the accident of the airship “Italia”, which crashed on its way back after reaching the North Pole. Several states tried to work together to save the survivors. But the Arctic Ocean did not yield – moreover, the crew of Raul Amundsen’s plane, who fl ew to the rescue of Umberto Nobile’s expedition, became a new victim. It was possible to interrupt the series of failures thanks to the active involvement of the Soviet Union in the operation, which sent three ships with two aircraft to the search area. Thanks to the hard work of the crew of the Krasin icebreaker and the experience of pilot Boris Chukhnovsky, at the last moment, the polar explorers who were losing hope were saved. One of the most notable acts of the propaganda campaign, which was widely launched after the completion of the operation, was the prompt release of the full-length documentary film “Feat in the Ice”, which was shown with great success on many domestic and foreign screens. The film was based on newsreel footage of cameramen who worked on three ships participating in the rescue operation. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the history of the creation of a film document at the end of the “silent film era”. The object of consideration will be the chronotope of the “rescue air-sea expedition”, put by the directors “Vasiliev brothers” as the basis of the film. In the context of information from different sources about the event being covered, a comprehensive analysis of the content and structure of the film will be carried out. The introduction gives a brief overview of the period of the avant-garde formation of the language of Russian documentary cinema. In the main part, when analyzing the content of the episodes and the plot construction of the film “Feat in the Ice”, literary evidence of the participants in the rescue of the Nobile expedition is also given. With this approach, according to the principle of complementarity-complementarity, the chronicle film should be considered not so much as an independent reliable source, but rather as an emotional image-reason that, in interaction with other information materials, recreates the atmosphere of a historical episode, interest in which has not disappeared even now.
Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022;(2):90-104
90-104
THE HORSE AS A CELESTIAL BEING IN THE RELIGIOUS AND MYTHOLOGICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF THE KHAKAS (LATE XIX – XX CENTURY)
Abstract
The veneration of the horse is one of the bright and widespread phenomena represented in the traditional culture of many peoples engaged in horse breeding. Khakas are no exception. In their minds, this animal was endowed with a positive characteristic, which was due to the involvement of the horse in almost all spheres of human activity. The horse was an indispensable assistant in economic activity and the military sphere, the fastest and most reliable means of transportation, a source of meat and dairy products and various raw materials, etc. At the same time, the respectful attitude was not limited to a purely utilitarian value. The sacralization of the image of а horse was also influenced by the people’s faith in its heavenly nature, which contributed to the formation of a special ritual associated with it. The purpose of this work will be to characterize the horse / horse as a religious and mythological character in the traditional worldview of the Khakas associated with the sky. The chronological framework of the work is limited to the framework of the late XIX – XX centuries. The choice of such time limits is determined by the state of the source base on the research topic. Ethnographic and folklore materials, both published and introduced into scientific circulation, served as a source base. Among folklore sources, heroic tales (alyptyg nymakhtar) are widely used, excerpts from which are presented for the first time in the author’s translation in Russian. Leading in the study is the principle of historicism, when any cultural phenomenon is considered in development taking into account a specific situation. The research methodology is based on historical and ethnographic methods: remnants (relic) and semantic analysis. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that in the Khakas culture, the horse has a wide semantic field. One of the most striking facets of his image is the perception as a celestial being and the endowment of a high semiotic status. This animal was included in the mytho-ritual complex associated with the idea of heaven and the celestials. Among the diverse manifestations of this phenomenon, one should distinguish such as: the dedication of a horse – yzyh, solar-lunar and astral symbolism of a horse and its fiery nature, identification of images of a horse and a bird, etc.
Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022;(2):105-117
105-117
COMBINING FUNCTIONS OF SHAMAN AND STORYTELLER IN THE ORAL TRADITION OF PEOPLES OF SIBERIA
Abstract
In Russian ethnography and folklore studies, the question of combining the functions of a shaman and a rhapsode in a comparative aspect at the interethnic level is one of the topical and poorly studied problems. The purpose of the work is to identify mythological, functional and genetic connections between shamans and rhapsodes. In the course of the study, for the first time in Russian science, through a comparative analysis for identifying the universal functions of shamans and storytellers in the tradition of peoples of Siberia, a unified archetype of the syncretic image of a bard was revealed. It has been established that the picture of the world in epic texts among the peoples of Siberia is built according to the traditional shamanic mythological version. For the first time, using specific examples, a comparison is made between epic and shamanic texts recorded both from a rhapsode performing the functions of a shaman and a shaman performing an epic text. The general functions of the shaman and the rhapsode as the heaven’s chosen one, the prophet and the soothsayer, possessing a gift from above, an inspiration, are revealed. The universal motives of the divine gift, involuntary actions, punishability, deprivation are defined. As a result of the study, we come to the conclusion that the functions of the shaman and the rhapsode in the Buryat, Yakut and Tuvan traditions have typological similarities. The ancient functions of a shaman and a rhapsode separated with the development of the oral tradition, but in subsequent generations they could be simultaneously performed mainly by those who have shamanic roots. The Buryats retained the combination of the functions of a shaman and a rhapsode as long as the storytelling tradition was alive. In the Khakass traditions, the functions of the shaman and the rhapsode have completely diverged over time, but our research reveals the rudiments of ancient syncretism.
Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022;(2):118-126
118-126
GENETIC AND GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH OF SOME KHAKASS CLANS
Abstract
The article considers the interpretation of personal haplotypes of the modern ethnic Khakass with regard to their private genealogies. During DNA testing of the Khakass’ Y-chromosome, different marker panels of haplotypes were obtained, which were used to determine haplogroups, and most importantly – to compare with personal oral and archival-documentary genealogies of donors in order to verify kinship. The novelty of this genetic-genealogical (genetealogical) study involves correlating eight private Khakass surnames (Ugdyzhekov, Shulberekov, Sagataev, Borgoyakov, Sandaraev, Tarkhanov, Torosov, Mainagashev) with objective genetic markers of the Y-chromosome obtained from ten donors. Two 37-marker STR-haplotypes of the Tarkhanovs belonging to donors from the Khakass subethnos of the Kyzyl people (the Sharypovo District of the Krasnoyarsk Region), as well as the Beltir 37-marker haplotype of the Torosovs, are published for the first time. Six Khakass haplotypes were fully attributed (up to the full name). Most of DNA tests were carried out in the American Commercial Company “Family Tree DNA” (Houston, Texas, USA) for haplotypes of different lengths – from 12 to 111 STR markers. For all the presented Khakass haplotypes, it is necessary to perform genome-wide sequencing of the Y-chromosome to detect SNP mutations up to the definition of familial terminal snips. Since the Beltirs’ genealogies are the deepest among the Khakass subethnoses, going back to the 16th century, it is primary to haplotype and snip male descendants from the Beltir families/seoks. In the future, this will allow us to apply the new methodology extensively – for example, for mapping/identification of Khakass kinships/seoks in the form of phylogenetic trees (modeled on the human Y-chromosome haplogroup tree YFull YTree). The currently available anonymous population-genetic data obtained by scientists from the Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics of the Research Institute of Medical Genetics of Tomsk National Research Medical Center are unsuitable for calibration of reconstructed documentary genealogies, and therefore the full potential of the new verification methodology remains undiscovered.
Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022;(2):127-148
127-148
FOOD IN THE MYTHOLOGICAL IDEAS OF THE SELKUPS
Abstract
As a result of the semantic analysis of the materials of Selkup folklore, beliefs, rituals, the study of food preferences and prohibitions, several ancient religious ideas were revealed that made food the most effective magical means in the Selkup mythological field. Among them, the idea of eating a deceased person, crossing the border of the earthly and otherworldly worlds, by an ancestor animal, later grew into ideas about the connection between eating and crossing the border, as well as death; a view of food as a benefit sent to a person by spirits, and a view of spirits as material beings who eat and drink, and who need to be fed, appeasing; the idea of similarity, according to which a person who has eaten meat or some part of the spirit acquires the same properties that the spirit or this part of it has, etc. Each of the ideas is universal and characteristic of all peoples of the world at the early stages of the development of culture and religion. This is the first time such a study is carried out on the basis of Selkup religious beliefs, which is its novelty and scientific significance. The relevance of the study is given by the process of the formation of a new ethnicity among the modern Selkups and the resulting demand for any developments on the issues of Selkup history and culture.
Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022;(2):149-159
149-159
THE RESULTS OF THE TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF KULAI CULTURE CERAMICS FROM THE NOVOVASYUGAN SETTLEMENT AND THE SETTLEMENT FROM THE NARYM OB REGION
Abstract
The article presents the results of studies of ceramics from two sites (Novovasyugan settlement and settlement) of the Kulai culture from the Narym Ob region, located in close proximity – at a distance of 60 m, which is of particular interest for identifying traditions in the manufacture of pottery. The technical and technological analysis of ceramics was carried out within the framework of the historical and cultural approach. The main objective of the research was to identify the specifics of cultural traditions in the selection of raw materials and the preparation of pottery paste and a comparative analysis of the results obtained. As a result of the study of the raw materials, it was found that ferruginous clays (medium and slightly degree of iron content in clay) with a large amount of fine sand were used. Artificial mineral impurities were practically not introduced into the pottery paste, only in a few cases chamotte was recorded, as a rule, in a low concentration, which did not affect the quality of the vessels. Skills in the selection of raw materials and preparation of pottery paste from these two sites are very similar, but vessels made of the same clay were not found. It was found that the potters from the settlement and the settlement used different clay deposits, which differed in the size of the sand. The peculiarities of firing of vessels, surface treatment of vessels, and the application of ornaments indicate different traditions of pottery making, different potters and groups of the population. Perhaps the identified features are related to chronological reasons, as evidenced by differences in the ornamentation of vessels. A comparative analysis with the previously studied collections of the Kulai culture revealed differences. The Kulai monuments from the Tomsk Ob region are characterized by the use of weak – and non iron clay with the addition of crushed stone (broken stone) to the pottery paste, and the addition of chamotte for the Priketye. At the Novovasyugan settlement and the settlement site, non iron clay and the broken stone were not detected, and mineral impurities were rarely introduced. The presence of recipes with chamotte on the Novovasyugan sites may indicate a small influx of people with other skills in preparing pottery paste characteristic of the Tomsk region.
Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022;(2):160-172
160-172
THE COMPOSITION OF FESTIVE DISHES IN SYKTYVKAR IN THE 1970–1980S
Abstract
The article discusses the composition of the dishes on the festive feast in the multinational city of Syktyvkar, the capital of the Komi ASSR, in the 1970s–1980s. The choice of this chronological framework is due to the fact that by the end of the 1960s the food crisis of the post-war period was overcome, while the economic crisis of the 1990s had not yet begun. The sources for studying the composition of the guest menu were the memories of urban residents born in 1929–1960, Russians and Komi, who created families with Komi, Russians and Ukrainians. The corpus of sources has been expanded with handwritten collections of recipes for festive dishes. The relative prosperity with food, although with some difficulties in obtaining it, especially manifested in the provinces, made it possible to revive the practice of organizing a festive feast. The hostesses were faced with the task of satisfyingly feeding the guests, and the mentality of that period required serving home-cooked food. The repertoire of the festive menu included cold appetizers, hot dishes, sweets and alcoholic drinks. Salads “Olivier”, “Herring under a fur coat”, “Mimosa”, rice with crab sticks were seasoned with mayonnaise, so they were very high-calorie and satisfying. Salted mushrooms, cucumbers and tomatoes, herring and aspic made a variety in the composition of cold appetizers. Hot main courses were presented from meat, chicken, fish dishes were absent due to its shortage in sales. Food raw materials purchased through the trading network, the same recipe and cooking technology predetermined the serving of dishes with unified features. The ethno-cultural specificity of the festive feast in the serving of game and fish, which was manifested earlier, has practically disappeared, but the serving of mushrooms and berries has been preserved. In those years, there is a tendency to blur the difference between festive and everyday food. Nevertheless, it can be unequivocally said that salads and sweets were considered exclusively as dishes of the festive table. The hostesses spared no effort and time to prepare a “sweet” table, especially for children’s parties.
Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2022;(2):173-181
173-181
REVIEWS
182-186