Volume 29, Nº 1 (2025): PHYSIOLOGY. EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY

The article is devoted to the history of the development of metabolic physiology, starting from the study of the general principles of metabolism in the early modern period to research in recent decades. In studying the history of medical and biological disciplines, an important part is the identification of the stages of their formation and development. In this regard, it seems important to make a historical-scientific review of the development of ideas about metabolic physiology, showing the contribution of researchers from different regions. It will be useful for teaching historical-scientific and special disciplines, as well as for researchers studying the history of physiology. The purpose of the article: to analyze the development of ideas about the physiology of metabolism in Modern and Contemporary times. Research materials. In preparing this text, articles in publications included in the RSCI and PubMed were used. The depth of the search for publications was 20 years, and a number of earlier works relevant to the research topic were also included in the review. Research results. The results on the development of ideas about the physiology of metabolism were summarized. The first experiments began in the early modern period. For this purpose, calorimeters were designed to measure the amount of heat generated. The data obtained prompted scientists to study the chemical composition of body tissues, the composition of food substances entering the body, and the end products of decay released. On this basis, nutrition standards were developed in the second half of the 19th century. During the 20th century, the protein nature of enzymes was established, the mechanism of regulation of blood glucose levels was studied, the role of B vitamins in metabolism was clarified, etc. The contribution of Russian physiologists to the development of metabolic physiology is shown (Bidder G., Shmidt A., Sechenov I.M., Mikhailov V.P., Babskii E.B., Savitskii N.N.). The history of the development of metabolic physiology can be considered when studying special issues within the university disciplines «Normal Physiology», «History of Medicine», «History of Biology».

Relevance. The number of women suffering from chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is quite high all over the world and amounts to 26 % of all visits to gynecologists and urologists. Chronic pelvic pain is a complex, multifactorial condition that has a significant impact on quality of life and leads to depression. Currently, increasing attention is being paid to dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the formation of chronic pelvic pain in patients, therefore it is necessary to take into account the state of the ANS when diagnosing, treating and rehabilitating CPP. The purpose of the study is to analyze the relationship between the main parameters characterizing the functional state of the autonomic nervous system and the severity of pain in women with chronic pelvic pain and to study the effectiveness of pain relief in them through rehabilitation measures, including those aimed at normalizing the balance of autonomic regulation basic life support systems of the patient’s body. Materials and Methods. 40 middle-aged women from 33 to 52 (42.1 ± 5.8) years old with a diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain were studied. The patients were divided into 2 groups: in group 1, the author’s method of rehabilitation of women with chronic pelvic pain was used; in the rehabilitation of women from group 2, methods of intravaginal massage and a set of exercises aimed at stretching the pelvic floor muscles were used. To evaluate the results of the study, the following were used: visual analogue scale (VAS), central sensitization questionnaire, DN 4 questionnaire (Douleur Neuropathiqueen 4 questions), Nymigent questionnaire, pelvic floor impact questionnaire-7 (PFIQ-7), assessing quality of life, index Kerdo, orthoclinostatic test, UNI-T thermal imager (UTi 165 K, China). Results and Discussion. Analysis of the results of the study showed a decrease in pain syndrome and normalization of autonomic parameters in group 1 of the subjects, which indicates the relationship between the autonomic nervous system and pain syndrome. Conclusion. The results obtained will help to improve the efficiency of rehabilitation of women with chronic pelvic pain.

Relevance. The problem of searching for the creation of arterial grafts is relevant in modern vascular surgery, since currently available synthetic prostheses, xeno-, allo- and autographs have a number of disadvantages in practical use: thrombiability, stenosis, inflammation, aneurysmal extensions, etc. The solution to this problem may be the creation of a technology for obtaining bioengineered vascular prostheses based on biocompatible hydrogels. We want to demonstrate the fundamental possibility of developing such a technique in this study. Materials and Methods. At the first stage of the study, the authors used 3D modeling and photopolymer 3D printing technologies in order to manufacture a mold for creating a tissue-engineered vascular prosthesis. At the second stage of the work, the authors developed a technique for heterophase oxidative modification of sodium alginate with peroxynitrite to obtain a cytocompatible hydrogel, which was subsequently tested on human fibroblast culture by analyzing their growth pattern and metabolic activity. At the third stage of the study, a bioengineered tubular structure was created using a previously manufactured mold. Results and Discussion. We have obtained a casting mold for creating a tissue-engineered vascular prosthesis, the distinctive features of which are reusable, collapsible, easy sterilization and ease of operation. The cytocompatibility of the hydrogel obtained by us based on modified sodium alginate has been proved. It is based on a tubular structure with a length of 7 cm, a diameter of 7 mm and a wall thickness of 1 mm. It is shown that it has flexibility, elasticity and resistance to pressure above 300 mmHg. Conclusion. Thus, the authors demonstrated the possibility of obtaining bioengineered tubular structures using 3D printing molding technology and showed the possibility of obtaining and using cytocompatible polysaccharide protein hydrogels for such purposes. The researchers hope that with further improvement of the strength characteristics and adhesive properties of the material, this technique for obtaining bioengineered tubular structures can form the basis for the production technology of vascular grafts for educational, scientific and medical purposes.

Relevance. The ubiquitous nature of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system has allowed detailed tests in a variety of systems, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urogenital, pupillary, sudomotor, and neuroendocrine. The most important characteristics of these tests are that they should be non-invasive, sensitive, specific, repeatable, quantitative, clinically useful and time-efficient. These tests were designed to investigate the possibility of autonomic failure, measure its severity, and assess its distribution. Clinical testing and research tests are the two main categories of these examinations. Cardiovagal, sudomotor and adrenergic autonomic functions are assessed by standard laboratory tests. The sweat test based on for measurement of the thermoregulation and the quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) can be used to assess sudomotor function. Response of blood pressure and response of heart rate to Valsalva maneuver and head tilt are used to assess adrenal function, and extended hand grip tests are effective in determining the presence of autonomic failure, its natural history, and response to treatment. The Autonomic Function Test Battery is a set of tests for autonomous functioning. The Ewing battery is commonly used, which includes several parasympathetic and sympathetic tests. Conclusion. Autonomic function testing has a considerable amount of diagnostic importance, which can have preventive value due to a large number of mortality due to autonomic disorders.

The article presents a case report of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease. Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease is frequently underdiagnosed due to the absence of clinical signs, a nonspecific X-ray picture, as well as the difficulties of using molecular genetic diagnostic tests in primary health care setting. Some patients especially those with underlying respiratory diseases, are at increased risk of developing nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease. Identification of patients at risk is essential to allow for prompt testing and diagnosis and appropriate management to prevent disease progression.

Relevance. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are a pressing issue in obstetric practice. The study of cases of repeated fetal loss, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation and preeclampsia leads to the discovery of new aspects of this pathology. Of particular interest is Upshaw - Shulman syndrome (USS), a rare congenital form of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) caused by mutations in the ADAMTS13 gene. This gene encodes a metalloproteinase capable of cleaving von Willebrand factor (vWF), which is important for blood clotting processes. The aim of the study is to identify the links in the pathogenesis of clinical manifestations and highlight current trends in the identification of patients suffering from reproductive insufficiency in association with Upshaw - Shulman syndrome. The disease caused by the delay of ultrahigh molecular weight vWF multimers in the bloodstream leads to vascular microthrombosis. Recent studies involving pregnant women have shown that the heterogeneity of manifestations complicates the diagnosis of this pathology. The disease occurs suddenly and is associated with an increased risk of death of both mother and fetus. As part of the study, the following tasks were set: to analyze the relevance of the diagnosis of the ADAMTS13 genetic defect in Upshaw - Shulman syndrome, to determine the practicality and effectiveness of technologies for the treatment of emerging obstetric complications. A review of modern Russian and foreign literature, mainly in English, devoted to the methods of diagnosis and treatment of congenital thrombocytopenic purpura, as well as the prevention of complications of pregnancy and childbirth, was conducted. The latest publications in specialized medical journals were studied. This review highlights the main mechanisms of development and progression of the syndrome, current directions of management of women with Upshaw - Shulman syndrome and methods of therapy for associated reproductive failure, as well as modern groups of pharmacological drugs of choice. Conclusion . It was found that in 30 % of cases, the actual first-line treatment remains ineffective. However, the correct treatment strategy for patients with an increased risk of miscarriage can significantly reduce the incidence of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality caused by genetic defects in the hemostasis system. Pregnancy with Upshaw - Shulman syndrome is becoming one of the main vectors of research in the field of obstetrics, so it is important to conduct further high-quality associative research to develop innovative therapeutic methods and opportunities in the future.