Психологические факторы эмиграционных намерений молодежи: обзор зарубежных исследований
- Авторы: Муращенкова Н.В.1
-
Учреждения:
- Смоленский государственный университет
- Выпуск: Том 18, № 1 (2021)
- Страницы: 25-41
- Раздел: ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫ ЛИЧНОСТИ И ВЫЗОВЫ СОВРЕМЕННОСТИ: ГЛОБАЛЬНОЕ И НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ
- URL: https://journal-vniispk.ru/2313-1683/article/view/326021
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-1683-2021-18-1-25-41
- ID: 326021
Цитировать
Полный текст
Аннотация
На основе данных многочисленных зарубежных исследований анализируются психологические факторы эмиграционных намерений молодежи, рост которых фиксируется сегодня в различных странах мира. Научная значимость данного обзора, с одной стороны, обусловлена недостатком отечественных психологических работ, систематизирующих и популяризирующих соответствующую информацию. С другой стороны, связана с необходимостью в последующем соотнесения результатов зарубежных и отечественных исследований с целью выявления общих надкультурных и специфических психологических факторов, влияющих на эмиграционные намерения молодежи. Рассматриваемые в зарубежных исследованиях психологические движущие силы эмиграционных намерений молодых людей отличаются разнообразием и соответствуют различным уровням функционирования субъекта (индивидуальному, межличностному, макросоциальному). Они соотносятся с общими группами факторов, способствующих эмиграции. С факторами, отражающими возникающие возможности для эмиграции, соотносятся позитивное отношение к эмиграции в целом, рассмотрение эмиграции как способа достижения значимых целей, низкая степень привязанности к стране исхода, неудовлетворенность существующими условиями проживания в стране, позитивное отношение к стране предполагаемого переезда. К психологическим факторам, связанным с наличием социальной поддержки , относятся воспринимаемая субъектом семейная поддержка его эмиграционной активности и наличие актуальных межличностных контактов за рубежом. С группой факторов, связанных с ресурсами субъекта по преодолению возникающих препятствий, соотносятся выраженные карьерные устремления, высокая мотивация власти и достижений, незначимость мотивации аффилиации, экстраверсия, открытость новому опыту, стремление к риску, изменениям и новым впечатлениям, открытость миру и культурным различиям, готовность к взаимодействию с «другими», доверие к другим религиям и национальностям, самоэффективность, способность справляться с амбивалентностью возникающих эмоций и чувств, высокий уровень образования, владение иностранными языками, опыт международной мобильности. Полученные данные могут быть использованы при проведении эмпирических психологических исследований движущих сил эмиграционной активности молодежи России и других стран.
Об авторах
Надежда Викторовна Муращенкова
Смоленский государственный университет
Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: ncel@yandex.ru
кандидат психологических наук, доцент кафедры общей психологии
Российская Федерация, 214000, Смоленск, ул. Пржевальского, д. 4Список литературы
- Agadjanian, V., Nedoluzhko, L., & Kumskov, G. (2008). Eager to Leave? Intentions to Migrate Abroad among Young People in Kyrgyzstan. International Migration Review, 42(3), 620-651. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.00140.x
- Andresen, M., & Margenfeld, J. (2015). International relocation mobility readiness and its antecedents. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(3), 234-249. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-11-2012-0362
- Arnett, J.J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
- Arnett, J.J. (2002). The psychology of globalization. American Psychologist, 57(10), 774-783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.57.10.774
- Bagraim, J. (2013). Commitment and the emigration intentions of South African professional nurses. Health SA Gesondheid, 18(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4102/HSAG.V18I1.512
- Begović, S., Lazović-Pita, L., Pijalović, V. & Baskot, B. (2020). An investigation of determinants of youth propensity to emigrate from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 33(1), 2574-2590. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1754267
- Berggren, N., Bergh, A., Bjørnskov, C., & Tanaka, S. (2020). Migrants and Life Satisfaction: The Role of the Country of Origin and the Country of Residence. Kyklos, 73(3), 436-463. https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12225
- Berlinschi, R., & Harutyunyan, A. (2019). Do Migrants Think Differently? Evidence from Eastern European and Post-Soviet States. International Migration Review, 53(3), 831-868. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918318777745
- Bernardini-Zambrini, D., Barengo, N., Bardach, A., Hanna, M., & Núñez, J.M. (2011). Emigrate or not? How would the next Spanish generation of physicians decide? A study on emigration-related reasons and motivations of advanced medical students in 11 Universities in Spain. Aten Primaria, 43(5), 222-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2010.01.017
- Bjarnason, T., & Thorlindsson, T. (2006). Should I Stay or Should I Go? Migration Expectations Among Youth in Icelandic Fishing and Farming Communities. Journal of Rural Studies, 22(3), 290-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.09.004
- Boccagni, P., & Baldassar, L. (2015). Emotions on the move: Mapping the emergent field of emotion and migration. Emotion, Space and Society, 16, 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2015.06.009
- Boiger, M., & Mesquita, B. (2012). The Construction of Emotion in Interactions, Relationships, and Cultures. Emotion Review, 4(3), 221-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912439765
- Boneva, B.S., & Frieze, I.H. (2001). Toward a concept of a migrant personality. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 477-491. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00224
- Bryer, T.A., Rauleckas, R., Murealeedharan, V., Butkevičienė, E., Vaičiūnienė, J., … & Miežanskienė, R. (2020). Non-economic emigration factors that might be pushing citizens out of Lithuania. Public Policy and Administration, 19(1), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.19.1.25114
- Cai, R., Esipova, N., Oppenheimer, M., & Feng, S. (2014). International migration desires related to subjective well-being. IZA Journal of Migration, 3(8), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-9039-3-8
- Cairns, D., & Smyth, J. (2011). I wouldn’t mind moving actually: Exploring Student Mobility in Northern Ireland. International Migration, 49(2), 135-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00533.x
- Canache, D., Hayes, M., Mondak, J.J., & Wals, S.C. (2013). Openness, extraversion and the intention to emigrate. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(4), 351-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp. 2013.02.008
- Carling, J., & Collins, F. (2018). Aspiration, desire and drivers of migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 909-926. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384134
- Carling, J., & Schewel, K. (2018). Revisiting Aspiration and Ability in International Migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 945-963. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384146
- Caron, L. (2020). An Intergenerational Perspective on (Re)Migration: Return and Onward Mobility Intentions across Immigrant Generations. International Migration Review, 54(3), 820-852. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918319885646
- Collins, F.L. (2018). Desire as a Theory for Migration Studies: Temporality, Assemblage and Becoming in the Narratives of Migrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 964-980. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384147
- Crisan, E.L., Crisan-Mitra, C., & Dragos, C. (2019). The Impact on Migration Intentions of Perceived Corruption at the Organizational and Country Level in Romania. Eastern European Economics, 57(5), 430-455. https://doi.org/10.1080/0012 8775.2018.1533410
- De Haas, H. (2014). Migration theory: Quo vadis? Oxford: IMI Working Paper Series 100
- De Jong, P.W., & Fonseca, M.L. (2020). The role of the origin country in migration aspirations: A cross-national comparison of Master students in Portugal and the Netherlands. Population Space and Place, 26(5), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2325
- Docquier, F., Peri, G., & Ruyssen, I. (2014). The Cross-country Determinants of Potential and Actual Migration. International Migration Review, 48(1) (suppl.): Special Anniversary Issue), 37-99. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814719902_0012
- Docquier, F., Tansel, A., & Turati, R. (2020). Do Emigrants Self-Select Along Cultural Traits? Evidence from the MENA Countries. International Migration Review, 54(2), 388-422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918319849011
- Dohmen, T., Falk, A., Huffman, D., Jaeger, D., Sunde U., & Bonin, H. (2007). Direct Evidence on Risk Attitudes and Migration. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(3), 684-689. https://doi.org/10.2307/27867569
- Dommermuth, L., & Klüsener, S. (2018). Formation and realisation of moving intentions across the adult life course. Population Place and Space, 25(5), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2212
- Falco, C., & Rotondi, V. (2016). The Less Extreme, the More You Leave: Radical Islam and Willingness to Migrate. World Development, 88, 122-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.07.017
- Ferreira, P.L., Raposo, V., Tavares, A.I., & Correia, T. (2020). Drivers for emigration among healthcare professionals: Testing an analytical model in a primary healthcare setting. Health Policy, 124(7), 751-757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2020.04.009
- Fouarge, D., Özer, M., & Seegers, P. (2019). Personality traits, migration intentions, and cultural distance. Papers in Regional Science, 98(6), 2425-2454. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12468
- Frieze, I., Boneva, B., Sarlija, N., Horvat, J., Ferligoj, A., … & Jarosova, E. (2004). Psychological Differences in Stayers and Leavers: Emigration Desires in Central and Eastern European University Students. European Psychologist, 9(1), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.9.1.15
- Frieze, I.H., Hansen, S.B., & Boneva, B. (2006). The migrant personality and college students' plans for geographic mobility. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26, 170-177
- Froese, F.J., Jommersbach, S., & Klautzsch, E. (2013). Cosmopolitan career choices: a cross-cultural study of job candidates' expatriation willingness. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(17), 3247-3261. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.770782
- Gajdošová, B., & Orosová, O. (2019). Selected psychological factors in relation to emigration intentions of voluntary permanent migration of university students. Ceskoslovenska Psychologie, 63(3), 249-264
- Gallo, E. (2014). The irony of kinship migration and the control of emotions among Malayalis. Emotion, Space and Society, 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2014.12.001
- Gibson, J., & McKenzie, D. (2011). The microeconomic determinants of emigration and return migration of the best and brightest: Evidence from the Pacific. Journal of Development Economics, 95(1), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.11.002
- Graham, C., & Markowitz, J. (2011). Aspiration and happiness of potential Latin American migrants. Journal of Social Research and Policy, 2(2), 9-25
- Hannerz, U. (1992). Cultural Complexity: Studies in the Social Organization of Meaning. New York: Columbia University Press
- Helliwell, J.F., Huang, H., Wang, S., & Shiplett, H. (2018). International Migration and World Happiness. In J. F. Helliwell, R.Layard, J. Sachs (Eds.). World Happiness Report (pp. 13-44). New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network
- Ho, E.L-E. (2014). The Emotional Economy of Migration Driving Mainland Chinese Transnational Sojourning across Migration Regimes. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 46(9), 2212-2227. https://doi.org/10.1068/a130238p
- Hooijen, I., Meng, C., & Reinold, J. (2020). Be prepared for the unexpected: The gap between (im)mobility intentions and subsequent behaviour of recent higher education graduates. Population, Space and Place, 26(5), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2313
- Hoppe, A., & Fujishiro, K. (2015). Relations anticipated job benefits, career aspiration, and generalized self-efficacy as predictors for migration decision-making. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 47, 13-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.03.025
- Ivlevs, A. (2015). Happy Moves? Assessing the Link between Life Satisfaction and Emigration Intentions. Kyklos, 68(3), 335-356. https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12086
- Ivlevs, A., & King, R. M. (2012). Family migration capital and migration intentions. Journal of Family and Economic, 33(1), 118-129. https://doi.org/1007/s10834-011-9269-9
- Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., & Yijälä, A. (2011). The model of pre-acculturative stress - A pre-migration study of potential migrants from Russia to Finland. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(4), 499-510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.11.003
- Jokela, M. (2014). Personality and the realization of migration desires. In P.J. Rentfrow (Ed.), Geographical psychology: Exploring the interaction of environment and behavior (pp. 71-87). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14272-005
- Jokela, M. (2009). Personality predicts migration within and between U.S. States. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(1), 79-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.09.005
- Jokela, M., Elovainio, M., Kivimäki, M., & Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2008). Temperament and migration patterns in Finland. Psychological Science, 19(9), 831-837. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02164.x
- Jung, J., Hogg, M.A., Livingstone, A.G., & Choi, H. (2019). From uncertain boundaries to uncertain identity: Effects of entitativity threat on identity-uncertainty and emigration. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 49(10), 623-633. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12622
- Kley, S. (2017). Facilitators and constraints at each stage of the migration decision process. Population Studies, 71(1) (Supplement), 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2017.1359328
- Kooiman, N., Latten, J., & Bontje, M. (2018). Human capital migration: A longitudinal perspective. Tijdschrift Voor Sociale en Economische Geografie, 109(5), 644-660. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12324
- Kvartiuk, V., Petrick, M., Bavorova, M., Bednaříková, Z., & Ponkina, E. (2020). A Brain Drain in Russian Agriculture? Migration Sentiments among Skilled Russian Rural Youth. Europe-Asia Studies, 72(8), 1352-1377. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2020.1730305
- Labrianidis, L., & Sykas, T. (2017). Why High School Students Aspire to Emigrate: Evidence From Greece. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 18(1), 107-130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-015-0468-3
- Li, M., Olson, J.E., & Frieze, I.H. (2013). Students’ Study Abroad Plans: The Influence of Motivational and Personality Factors. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 23, 73-89. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v23i1.330
- Liu-Farrer, G. (2016). Migration as Class-Based Consumption: The Emigration of the Rich in Contemporary China. The China Quarterly, 226, 499-518. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741016000333
- Mai, N., & King, R. (2009). Love, Sexuality and Migration: Mapping the Issue(s). Mobilities, 4(3), 295-307. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450100903195318
- Manchin, M., & Orazbayev, S. (2018). Social networks and the intention to migrate. World Development, 109, 360-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.011
- Marrow, H., & Klekowski von Koppenfels, A. (2020). Modeling American Migration Aspirations: How Capital, Race, and National Identity Shape Americans’ Ideas about Living Abroad. International Migration Review, 54(1), 83-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918318806852
- Marsiglia, F.F., Kulis, S., Hoffman, S., Calderón-Tena, C.O., Becerra, D., & Alvarez, D. (2011). Migration Intentions and Illicit Substance Use among Youth in Central Mexico. Subst. Use Misuse, 46(13), 1619-1627. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2011.590957
- Meyer, F. (2018). Navigating Aspirations and Expectations: Adolescents. Considerations of Outmigration From Rural Eastern Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 1032-1049. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384163
- Miller, K., Haskell, C., & Thatcher, A. (2002). The relationship between intention to emigrate and organisational commitment. South African Journal of Psychology, 32(3), 16-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630203200303
- Moriarty, E., Wickham, J., Daly, S., & Bobek, A. (2015). Graduate Emigration from Ireland: Navigating New Pathways in Familiar Places. Irish Journal of Sociology, 23(2), 71-92. https://doi.org/10.7227/IJS.23.2.6
- Nghiêm-Phú, B., & Nguyễn, T.H. (2020). Impacts of perceived country image, institution image and self-image on students intention to study abroad: a study in Hanoi, Vietnam. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 30(1), 26-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2019.1658146
- Nugin, R. (2014). I Think That They Should go. Let Them see Something. The Context of Rural Youth’s Out-migration in Post-socialist Estonia. Journal of Rural Studies, 34, 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.01.003
- Orosová, O., Benka, J., Hricová, L., & Kulanová, M. (2018). Gender, Rootedness, Normative Beliefs and Emigration Intentions of Slovak University Students. International Migration, 56(4), 172-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12441
- Orosová, O., Gajdošová, B., Bačíková, M., Benka, J., Hricová, L., … & Kalina, O. (2017). Emigration intentions and risk behaviour among university students. Košice: P.J. Šafárik University in Košice.
- Ossai, E.N., Una, A., Onyenakazi, R., & Nwonwu, E. (2020). Emigration plans after graduation of clinical medical students of Ebonyi state university Abakaliki, Nigeria: Implications for policy. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 23(7), 995-1003. https://doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_705_19
- Otrachshenko, V., & Popova, O. (2014). Life (Dis)Satisfaction and the Intention to Migrate: Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of Socio-Economics, 48, 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2013.09.008
- Parsons, J., Tabor, A.S., & Fischer, R. (2012). Shelter from the global economic crisis: New Zealand and overseas-born employees' concerns and migration intentions. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 6(2), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2012.8
- Paulauskaitė, E., Šeibokaitė, L., & Endriulaitienė, A. (2010). Big five personality traits linked with migratory intentions in Lithuanian student sample. International Journal of Psychology: A Biopsychosocial Approach, 7, 41-58.
- Plopeanu, A.-P., Homocianu, D., Mihăilă, A.A., Crișan, E.L., Bodea, G., … & Airinei, D. (2018). Exploring the Influence of Personal Motivations’ Beliefs and Attitudes on Students’ Post-Graduation Migration Intentions: Evidence from Three Major Romanian Universities. Applied Sciences, 8(11), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8112121
- Polgreen, L.A., & Simpson N.B. (2011). Happiness and International Migration. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(5), 819-840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9229-3
- Portes, A. (1976). Determinants of the brain drain. International Migration Review, 10(4), 489-508. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791837601000402
- Remhof, S., Gunkel, M., & Schlaegel, C. (2014). Goodbye Germany! The influence of personality and cognitive factors on the intention to work abroad. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(16), 2319-2343. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.884613
- Roth, W.D. (2012). Race Migrations: Latinos and the Cultural Transformation of Race. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 254 p.
- Silventoinen, K., Hammar, N., Hedlund, E., Koskenvuo, M., Rönnemaa, T., & Kaprio, J. (2008). Selective international migration by social position, health behaviour and personality. European Journal of Public Health, 18(2), 150-155. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckm052
- Skrbis, Z., Kendall, G., & Woodward, I. (2004). Locating Cosmopolitanism: Between Humanist Ideal and Grounded Social Category. Theory, Culture, and Society, 21(6), 115-136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276404047418
- Stets, J.E. (2010). Future Directions in the Sociology of Emotions. Emotion Review, 2(3), 265-268. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910361975
- Tabor, A.S., Milfont, T.L., & Ward, C. (2015). The Migrant Personality Revisited: Individual Differences and International Mobility Intentions. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 44(2), 89-95.
- Tartakovsky, E., Patrakov, E., & Nikulina, M. (2017). Factors affecting emigration intentions in the diaspora population: The case of russian jews. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 59, 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.05.002
- Thulin, E., & Vilhelmson, B. (2016). The Internet and Desire to Move: The Role of Virtual Practices in the Inspiration Phase of Migration. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 107(3), 257-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12144
- Tong, G., Persons, E., & Harris, A.L. (2020). Getting ready ahead: socioeconomic status and parenting strategies among Chinese adolescents with emigration intentions. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1759404
- Turner, J., & Stets, J. (2005). The Sociology of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 349 p.
- Van Dalen, H., & Henkens, K. (2013). Explaining emigration intentions and behaviour in the Netherlands, 2005-10. Population Studies, 67(2), 225-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2012.725135
- Van Dalen, H., & Henkens, K. (2007). Longing for the Good Life: Understanding Emigration from a High-Income Country. Population and Development Review, 33(1), 37-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00158.x
- Van Hear, N., Bakewell, O., & Long, K. (2018). Push-pull Plus: Reconsidering the Drivers of Migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 927-944. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384135
- Van Mol, C. (2016). Migration aspirations of European youth in times of crisis. Journal of Youth Studies, 19(10), 1303-1320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2016.1166192
- Van Mol, C., Snel, E., Hemmerechts, K., & Timmerman, C. (2018). Migration Aspirations and Migration Cultures: A Case Study of Ukrainian Migration Towards the European Union. Population, Place and Space, 24(5), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2131
- Wiest, K. (2016). Migration and Everyday Discourses: Peripheralisation in Rural Saxony-Anhalt from a Gender Perspective. Journal of Rural Studies, 43, 280-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.03.003
- Williams, A.M., & Baláž, V. (2012). Migration, Risk, and Uncertainty: Theoretical Perspectives. Population. Space and Place, 18(2), 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.663
- Williams, A.M., Jephcote, C., Janta, H., & Li, G. (2018). The migration intentions of young adults in Europe: A comparative, multilevel analysis. Population, Space and Place, 24(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.21238
- Xiang, B., & Wei, S. (2009). International Student Migration and Social Stratification in China. International Journal of Educational Development, 29(5), 513-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2009.04.006
- Ye, W., & Deng, N. (2020). Claiming and displaying national identity: A case study of Chinese exchange students in Russia. Training, Language and Culture, 4(3), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.22363/2521-442X-2020-4-3-43-54
- Zembylas, M. (2012). Transnationalism, migration and emotions. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 10(2), 163-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2012.647403
Дополнительные файлы

