Development of Private Property Law: A Comparative Analysis

The article is devoted to a comprehensive comparative legal analysis of the genesis and evolution of private property law. The study covers a wide historical period - from antiquity to the present - and examines the development of this institution in various legal systems (Roman law, the law of Ancient Mesopotamia and Greece, Russian pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and modern constitutional law, as well as the experience of the USA, Germany, France, China, and other countries). The relevance of the work stems from the fundamental role of private property as the foundation of legal systems and economic development, as well as the need to identify common trends and national peculiarities in its regulation at present. The purpose of this work is to determine universal and specific patterns in the development of constitutional and legal regulation of social relations in the sphere of private property. The work sequentially addresses the tasks of studying its origin, stages of historical development, and modern constitutional and legal status. The scientific novelty lies in combining historical-legal retrospect with synchronous comparative analysis, which enables proposing a periodization of the evolution of the institution and formulating conclusions about the convergence of national models. The key conclusion of the article is the transformation of private property law: from an absolute individual right, it has evolved into an institution performing a social function, accompanied not by a weakening but by a strengthening of its guarantees through the development of international legal protection mechanisms and the activities of constitutional justice bodies.