Vol 4, No 3 (2024)
Family and fertility
Formation and Transmission of Traditional Values in a Modern Multigeneration Family
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to discuss ideas about traditional family values that determine the sociocultural appearance of the modern Russian family and the style of intrafamily relations; about the influence of social institutions on the formation of these values, about the role of sociocultural channels of their transmission in the everyday life of families, including multigenerational ones. In the scientific literature, there is uncertainty in the interpretation of the content and scope of the concepts of “traditional family values” and “multi-generation family”, ambiguity in approaches to studying the structure of family values and methods of transmitting them to new generations. This reduces the effectiveness of scientific research against the background of the current significant increase in the activity of government policy to ensure the dominance of traditional values in the public consciousness, including in the sphere of family life. The article examines the features of a multigenerational family that localizes the direct communication of its members, which are significant for understanding the specifics of the processes of formation and transmission of traditional values in it, including those caused by the modern digitalization of communication. The study of expert opinion, which is of a reconnaissance nature, made it possible, firstly, to identify the institutional nature of traditional family values that unite close relatives for the sustainable functioning of the family community; secondly, to make the assumption that the reasons for the weakening influence of these values in family relationships are associated with a long period and significant amount of anomie in society, with the processes of secularization and digitalization, as well as with the gradual loss of the significance of the multigenerational family in its traditional form as a single household consisting from three or more generations; thirdly, to conclude that the undoubted socializing potential of a multigenerational family requires its transfer to the center of state family policy, as well as conducting in-depth scientific research into modern social problems of this type of family.
DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2024;4(3):6-23
6-23
Ethnic and Educational Differentiation of Fertility in Moscow. DEMIS. Demographic Research
Abstract
The article analyzes differences in fertility rates among Moscow residents of different nationalities and with different levels of education. The analysis is based on 2020 Census data on responses to the question on the number of children born. Ethnic differences are considered differentially according to birth order. They were most evident in the proportion of those who gave birth to a third child among those who gave birth to a second. Among the most numerous nationalities in Moscow, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Jews have the lowest average number of children born. On the other hand, among Kyrgyz and Chechens this indicator exceeds 2.0, even among those women who were 35–39 years old at the 2020 census. An analysis of educational differences in the average number of children born in real generations of women showed that in Moscow, unlike Russia as a whole, women with higher professional education have the largest, not the smallest, value of this indicator. Identifying the reasons for this requires additional research, but in any case, these data cast doubt on the thesis about the inevitability of lower fertility among women with higher education.
DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2024;4(3):24-36
24-36
Regional Maternity Capital in Russia: Analysis of Differences in Terms of Provision, Size, and Target Direction
Abstract
Along with the federal demographic and family policy, the subjects of the Russian Federation are actively implementing their own regional measures to support families with children, a special place among which is occupied by regional maternity capital. The purpose of this study is to identify the specifics of the provision of regional maternity capital. In this article a brief history of the implementation of the regional maternity capital program was considered in the context of Russian demographic policy. Data on the conditions for the provision of this support measure and the size of payments have been updated to the beginning of 2024. The analysis of normative legal acts regulating the implementation of the program to provide regional maternity capital in the subjects of the Russian Federation was used as a research method. It was revealed that the rules for providing this support measure are variable and differ in many criteria: according to the birth order for whom the payment is provided, the presence or absence of a need criterion, the directions of use of funds, as well as the terms of residence in the region and the size of the regional maternity capital. Based on the analysis of regulatory legal acts, it was found that the legislative framework governing the provision of regional maternity capital continues to be improved and modified by excluding or changing additional conditions limiting the range of recipients of this support measure, such as the criterion of need, the duration of residence in the region and the one-time right to use regional maternity capital. The results obtained can be used as a material to study the effectiveness of the implementation of regional maternity capital as a measure aimed at increasing the birth rate.
DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2024;4(3):37-48
37-48
Health, self-preservation behavior, and mortality
Mortality from Acute and Chronic Diseases of the Circulatory System in the Period before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Moscow
Abstract
Sudden death from acute forms of cardiovascular diseases, especially in working age, when it is physiologically clearly premature, is evidence of diseases not detected in time: the main task of cardiologists is to avoid the transition of chronic pathologies into an acute form, in which the condition can worsen at lightning speed. Acute and chronic forms of cardiovascular diseases require different clinical approaches. Thus, the division of pathologies into two blocks– acute and chronic conditions– has, in addition to academic, purely practical significance. In this context, the specifics of the metropolis, with its developed medical structure, both emergency and hospital, and outpatient, are extremely interesting. The present study is devoted to identifying differences in the dynamics of acute and chronic forms of circulatory diseases during stable and crisis periods in a metropolis. It demonstrated that the contribution of acute conditions to both mortality from coronary heart disease and CVB, as well as losses from diseases of the circulatory system in general, decreased significantly in the population of Moscow during the study period, which certainly indicates positive changes in mortality. Similar processes were observed in Russia, but in Moscow the proportion of acute conditions was lower than the national one.
DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2024;4(3):49-73
49-73
Health Factors for Preschool Children Educational Institutions in Russia
Abstract
The article analyzes the health problems and resources of preschool children. The positions and conclusions of the authors are based on the results of sociological measurements carried out in educational organizations of the Irkutsk region in January-February 2024. The sample size is 943 parents or legal representatives of children attending educational organizations of the Irkutsk region. The subject of author’s research is the factors of the dynamics of the incidence rate of preschool children. The definition of these factors makes it possible to outline and test a program of preventive measures in order to effectively introduce preschool education into the regional system. In the list of destructive transformations of the regional health care system, the authors note an increase in chronic diseases, a deficit of physical activity, violations of the diet and its quality. The research program includes the determination of not only objective indicators of a medical nature, but also subjective assessments of all participants in the educational process. The importance of identifying the growing needs of the parent community and children’s teams in the field of health protection is justified. Socially significant and acceptable protector programs are discussed both for the improvement and education of all participants in the educational process, and for the development of a culture of health preservation within the preschool institution and beyond. The conclusions and results of the work can equally be useful to teachers-practitioners, administrative and managerial apparatus of departmental services, as well as representatives of the scientific community in the social sphere, in the institutes of health and education, for the development of social stabilization programs for modern Russian society.
DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2024;4(3):74-87
74-87
Characteristics of Health-Preserving Behavior of Parents Raising Children with Disabilities
Abstract
The article presents the results of a study devoted to the study of health-preserving behavior of parents raising children with disabilities aged 6-10 years. The study was conducted in April-May 2024 in the Borovsky District of the Kaluga Region. The research method was a questionnaire survey of parents. The questions touched upon the implementation of such important areas of child health-preservation in the family as home nutrition, daily routine, sleep, hygiene, control over the safe use of gadgets for the child's health, the psychological climate in the family, the attitude of parents to their own health, etc. The process of interaction between parents and a medical institution and medical workers as subjects of child health-preservation was also studied. It was found that the majority of parents (85%) fully comply with the doctor's advice and prescriptions. Most parents (68%) know the specifics of the child's disease and treatment. According to 54% of parents, their children willingly follow the doctor's recommended prescriptions. 15% of parents failed to develop the skill of following doctors' recommendations in their children with disabilities. In 30% of parents, the child does not follow the doctor's orders or follows them thanks to the parents. In every third family, the sick child's sleep schedule is not followed. Only a third of parents (31%) have children who attend exercise therapy classes. Parents have a low level of health-preserving competence in the issue of healthy nutrition. The materials of the article can be used in the work of specialists in medical and social institutions, educational and public organizations, and can also be useful for researchers interested in the problem of health preservation of children with disabilities.
DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2024;4(3):88-104
88-104
Demographic and migration policy
New Trends in Migration from Kyrgyzstan to the Russian Federation
Abstract
In recent decades, population migration has become one of the main components of socio-economic development of Kyrgyzstan. In recent years, Kyrgyz citizens have been working in Russia and Kazakhstan. A comparative analysis of the number and structure of flows of Kyrgyz labour migrants is carried out on the basis of data from a sample national survey of household budgets, the National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyzstan, the Federal Migration Service of Russia, the Main Directorate for Migration Issues of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, and Rosstat. The key problems of the social and legal situation of Kyrgyz migrants in Russia were identified: lack of registration at the place of stay, restriction/ ban on entry, non-payment of wages, access to medical care, and receipt of pensions. Gradually, under the influence of external and internal factors, new trends of labour migration to the Middle East and the Persian Gulf, the Republic of Korea and Japan, Europe and America have emerged. Migration flows are becoming more and more organised, as they involve the country's public authorities, private employment agencies, international companies and other actors. The study shows that the key needs for Kyrgyz migrant workers in the near future are concentrated in the following regions (in addition to traditional destinations): first, Western European countries (Great Britain and Germany); second, East Asia (Republic of Korea and Japan); third, Eastern European countries (Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria); fourth, the Middle East (Turkey and the Gulf countries); fifth, Northern Europe (Sweden and Finland). The official discourse in Kyrgyzstan is increasingly gaining momentum on the need to transform migration policy from large-scale export of labour resources to employment of surplus labour resources within the country by creating new jobs and expanding production. New ideological approaches to the transition of Kyrgyzstan from the category of countries– exporters of labour resources to the category of countries actively developing their own production and labour market are practically formed.
DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2024;4(3):105-118
105-118
Interregional Migration of Youth in the Russian Federation
Abstract
The subject of the study is interregional migration of young people in the Russian Federation during the period of obtaining higher education; The topic of the study is the change in the migration attractiveness of regions for higher education; research hypothesis: there has been a change in the centers of gravity of migration flows and the status of regions from 2017 to 2020 and 2023 due to the impact of the pandemic and government measures to increase the attractiveness of universities in the regions. Source data includes official government statistics for the period from 2017 to 2023. The article identifies limitations on the use of this source (migration of 18-year-olds and migration of 21-year-olds is not identical to direct and return educational migration) and formulates a thesis about the need to use aggregated data of «digital traces» of applicants and graduates and federal information systems. An assessment of changes in the status of regions for 2017, 2020 and 2023 was carried out. The study makes assumptions about the possibility of using tools for objective monitoring of interregional educational migration of applicants to improve the work of universities. It is necessary to concentrate the efforts of the regional authorities of the «donor» region and the regional university community on first obtaining «transit» status for the university and the region, followed by transition to the «acceptor» category. For 2017, the author identified 12 «acceptor» territories, 59 «donor territories» (the rest were mixed and intermediate forms). In 2020, there were only 30 «donors», 12 «acceptors», 37– they reached conditional «balance» positions– this is how the COVID-2019 pandemic affected interregional migration. In 2023, there were 12 «acceptors» in the Russian Federation (the list has changed slightly), the number of «donors» was 46, 21 territories reached a «balance» state, the rest still belong to intermediate types.
DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2024;4(3):119-137
119-137
Educational Migration to Kyrgyzstan: Trends and Prospects
Abstract
Educational migration in Kyrgyzstan has its own socio-demographic structure, which may vary depending on a number of factors, such as age, gender, nationality, educational level, etc. One of the main trends of educational migration to Kyrgyzstan is the increase in the number of students from neighboring countries such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, as well as the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus. This is due to both economic reasons and historical ties and cultural similarities between these countries. Educational migration to Kyrgyzstan from India, Pakistan and other countries has its own socio-demographic structure, which differs from educational migration from other countries. One of the main factors that stimulates educational migration is the lack of quality education in the home country. Many students seek to get an education in the West, where it is considered to be of higher quality and prestigious. In addition, educational migration can be caused by the desire to improve prospects in the labor market and get a highly paid job abroad. The forecast of educational migration in Kyrgyzstan is given. The author believes that there will be a positive trend in the development of educational migration in Kyrgyzstan, which will have a positive impact on the economy of Kyrgyzstan. The developed recommendations for improving the education management system in the Kyrgyz Republic contribute to the promotion and implementation of educational services aimed at students.
DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2024;4(3):138-153
138-153
Demographic regional studies
Migration Management in the Countries of the Eurasian Economic Union: A Comparative Analysis
Abstract
The article presents a comparative analysis of migration management in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter referred to as the EAEU). Both common features and differences in approaches to migration management are analyzed. The purpose of the article is a comparative analysis of the migration policies of the EAEU member states with an emphasis on identifying key problems and specific features, considering national peculiarities in the management of migration processes. The novelty lies in a comprehensive comparative analysis of the migration legislation of the EAEU member states, which has not been conducted so far. The article presents a systematization of the mechanisms used to manage migration, as well as their critical assessment in terms of effectiveness and impact on migration processes in the region. The article uses an interdisciplinary approach combining the analysis of statistical data, political and strategic documents of the participating countries. The study offers recommendations for improving interstate cooperation in the field of migration and improving the efficiency of migration management within the EAEU, as well as for developing a unified and coordinated migration policy of the Union, which is especially relevant in the context of the social dynamics of current geopolitical challenges.
DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2024;4(3):154-166
154-166
Depopulation and Limitations of Demographic Statistics in the Republic of Belarus
Abstract
The article considers the problems in the demographic processes of the Republic of Belarus. The fluctuations in the modern demographic "waves" of Belarus are analyzed. It is argued that the reproductive processes of the Republic are characterized by changes in the depopulation spiral. Concern about the prospects for its demographic development is substantiated. The problems of the state demographic policy in overcoming depopulation are noted. The state of the Belarusian demographic science in developing approaches to the implementation of demographic policy is highlighted. A characteristic of management decisions is given, both their positive and negative role in the implementation of demographic policy. The significance of the Concept of National Security of the Republic of Belarus and the role of ensuring demographic security in it are shown. In the light of the Concept of National Security of the country, the consequences of restrictions on statistical information for demographic science and demographic policy of Belarus are studied. The role of demographic information in ensuring the national security of the Republic is revealed. The results of the mechanism for recounting the population from the results of the 2019 population census are disclosed. Methodological approaches to calculating the indicators of the reproductive situation of Belarus in 2020-2023 are presented. in conditions of limited demographic statistics.
DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2024;4(3):167-181
167-181
Migration Policy of the European Union: The Balance Between Law and Morality
Abstract
The article defines the foundations of international morality and its relationship with international law. The existing difficulties related to the application of moral principles in migration policy due to the appeal to national sovereignty, which makes it difficult to follow global humanitarian principles, are considered. Different theoretical approaches to moral aspects of international relations and their impact on migration policy in different regions are described. The aim of the article is to define the foundations of international morality and explore its interaction with international law, as well as to analyse the complexity of applying moral principles in migration policy in the context of national sovereignty. The evolution of migration policy over time is traced through analyses of legal and regulatory instruments, statistical data, international reports and a broad literature base. The extent to which moral principles can be adhered to and instances of changing migration policy in the context of the complex situation in the European Union are reflected. The conclusions point to the integrity of the stated principles of migration policy, which is particularly evident in the tensions between Brussels and individual European countries. Difficulties in the EU that encourage the attraction of migration potential are highlighted, and mechanisms for the integration and adaptation of migrants are described. The interdependence between migration flows and state-level decisions, including moral principles, is quantified.
DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2024;4(3):182-198
182-198
Reviews and essays
Geopolitical Aspects of Demographic Processes: Development of Scientific Ideas of L. L. Rybakovsky
Abstract
Demographic processes play a key role in the formation of the geopolitical picture of the world. Population size, its age structure, growth rates and migration flows have a significant impact on the economic power of states, their military potential and their ability to project power in the international arena. This article examines contemporary and historical views on the significance of demographic factors in the geopolitical competition of countries and the measurement of a state's national power. The study covers both contemporary and historical aspects of the issue. The paper provides a systematic review of the evolution of scientific views on the significance of demographic factors in the geopolitical context. Particular attention is paid to modern methodological approaches to measuring the national power of a state considering demographic indicators. The article offers a critical analysis of existing models for assessing geopolitical influence based on demographic factors and considers their applicability in the context of global demographic transformations. The study also addresses topical issues of the impact of demographic trends on the geopolitical strategies of states in the 21st century, including the problems of population aging, migration processes and demographic imbalances between developed and developing countries. Special attention is paid to the analysis of geopolitical aspects of demographic processes in the works of the outstanding Russian demographer L.L.Rybakovsky. The paper considers the key concepts of the scientist, including demographic security, the geopolitical significance of migration processes, the relationship between demography and spatial development of Russia, as well as the role of demographic policy as an instrument of geopolitical influence.
DEMIS. Demographic Research. 2024;4(3):199-208
199-208