Periodicity and kinematics of the formation of porphyry copper deposits in the pacific belt over the past 125 million years

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Abstract

Statistical analysis of the time series of Cu-porphyry deposits of the Pacific belt and their total ore volume formed in the last 125 million years showed the presence of (quasi)a cyclic component with a period of 26–28 million years, whose share in the total amplitude is 74%. An inverse correlation has been established between the global spreading rate, on the one hand, and the number of Cu-porphyry deposits in the Pacific belt and their productivity, on the other, for the last 125 million years. The relative minima of the spreading rate precede the relative maxima of the number and total volume of Cu-porphyry deposits in the Pacific belt by 5–10 million years. During the formation of large and giant Cu-porphyry deposits in the Pacific belt, the rate of change in the angle of convergence in the horizontal plane in the zone of interaction between two tectonic plates increases. At the same time, the absolute rate of convergence can both decrease and increase. According to geological, structural and kinematic data, magmatism, as a result of which 8 large and giant Cu-porphyry deposits were formed, was accompanied by through-crust disjunctive disturbances associated either with a change in the frontal convergence of the "oblique", or a transition to the mode of a transform continental margin, or with a reversible change in the direction of subduction associated with the island arc-continent collision The island arc is an oceanic plateau.

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About the authors

A. N. Didenko

Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences; Kosygin Institute Tectonics and Geophysics, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: itig@itig.as.khb.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow; Khabarovsk

M. Yu. Nosyrev

Kosygin Institute Tectonics and Geophysics, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: itig@itig.as.khb.ru
Russian Federation, Khabarovsk

G. Z. Gilmanova

Kosygin Institute Tectonics and Geophysics, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: gin@ginras.ru
Russian Federation, Khabarovsk

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2. Fig. 1. Location of porphyry copper deposits on the whole Earth (a) and the Pacific belt with an ore content of more than 1 million tons (b) (a): 1 – Cu-porphyry deposits of the world according to (Mihalasky et al., 2015; Mineral Resources…, 2023; Singer et al., 2008); 2 – largest cities. Equal-area projection, central meridian 150°. (b): 1 – tectonic plate boundaries according to (Bird, 2003; Argus et al., 2011), the names of which are given in italics: Altiplano, Amur, Antarctica, Australia, Banda, Birds head, Caribbean, Caroline, Cocos, Easter, Eurasia, Juan de Fuca, Juan Fernandez, Kermadec, Malucca, Maoke, Mariana, N.America, N.Andes, N.Bismarck, N.Nazca, New Hebrides (Novogibridskaya), Okhotsk, Okinava, Pacific, Panama, Philippine, Rivera, S.America, S.Bismarck, Scotia, Solomon, Sunda, Timor, Tonga, Woodlark, Yangtze; 2 – location of deposits with age group (color) and total ore amount (size) (Singer et al., 2008; Mihalasky et al., 2015); 3 – location of the largest porphyry Cu deposits in their age group: 1 – Atlas, 2 – Malmyzh, 3 – Pebble Copper, 4 – Safford, 5 – Chuquicamata, 6 – El Teniente, 7 – Panguna, 8 – Grasberg. Equal-area projection, central meridian 210°.

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3. Fig. 2. Distribution of Cu-porphyry deposits of the Pacific belt in time (a) and by volume (b), time dependence of the total volume of ore of all deposits of the Pacific belt (c). In (b) the solid line shows the theoretical lognormal distribution with statistical parameters similar to the observational data. In (c) the bar diagram shows the original series and the dashed line shows the series smoothed by the Savitzky-Golay filter (Savitzky, Golay, 1964).

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4. Fig. 3. Analysis of the time dependence of the total ore volume of the Pacific Ocean belt porphyry Cu deposits over the past 125 million years. (a) – the original series is shown as a bar histogram, the smoothed series by the Savitzky-Golay filter (Savitzky, Golay, 1964) is shown as a dashed line. (b) – autocorrelation functions (Davis, 1990) of the original series (solid line) and the smoothed series (dashed line). (c), (d) – Lomb-Scargle periodograms (Baluev, 2009; Lomb, 1976; Scargle, 1982) of the original and smoothed series, respectively. (d), (e) – Morlet wavelet diagrams (Lyubushin, 2007; Torrence, Compo, 1998) of the original and smoothed series, respectively.

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5. Fig. 4. Paleoreconstructions (a, c) and calculation of kinematic parameters (b, d) for 108 million years ago for the Atlas deposit and 95 million years ago for the Malmyzh deposit. Legends for (a) and (c): 1–4 – boundaries of lithospheric tectonic plates according to (Bird, 2003; Argus et al., 2011) with additions and changes: 1 – divergent, 2 – convergent active (active at the time of deposit formation), 3 – convergent extinct, 4 – transform; 5 – transform shifts; 6 – direction and velocity of lithospheric plate migration (arrow length is proportional to velocity); 7 – reconstructed positions of deposits. Abbreviations of tectonic plates in Fig. 4–7: ANT – Antarctic, AUS – Australian, CAR – Caroline, CEL – Celebes Basin, EHA – East Halmahera, EPH – East Philippine, ESP – Sunda, EUR – Eurasian, FAR – Farallon, NSW – North Sulawesi, IZA – Izanagi, MOL – Moluccan, NAM – North American, NAZ – Nazca, NBA – North Bandu, NBK – North Bismarck, NHB – New Hybrid, NTE – Neo-Tethys, NWB – North Woodlark, PAC – Pacific, PHS – Philippine, SAM – South American, SBA – South Bandu, SBK – South Bismarck, SOL – Solomon Sea, SSW – South Sulawesi, VAN – Vancouver, WHA – West Halmahera, WOY – Woyla, index “b” means back-arc basin, WPH – West Philippine. The abbreviation CSAR on “v” means Central Sikhote-Alin Fault. Legends for (b) and (d): circles – velocity; triangles – azimuth. Global reconstructions (Muller et al., 2019) were used, as well as specific paleogeodynamic characteristics for “a” (Deng et al., 2015; McCabe et al., 1987; Rodrigo et al., 2019) and “c” (Arkhipov et al., 2019; Didenko et al., 2023; Khanchuk et al., 2016). Calculation of kinematic parameters in Fig. 4–7 was performed on the coordinates of the deposits (see Table 1) in the GPlates software package (2022).

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6. Fig. 5. Fragments of global reconstructions (a, c) and calculation of kinematic parameters (b, d) at 89 Ma for the Pebble deposit and 52 Ma for the Safford deposit. IFR (in Fig. 5a) is the Izanagi-Farallon Ridge. HSP (in Fig. 5c) is the Shatsky Plateau. For other legend, see Fig. 4. Global reconstructions (Muller et al., 2019) were used, as well as specific paleogeodynamic characteristics for the Pebble (Harris et al., 1987; Hillhoese, Gromme, 1988; Olson et al., 2017) and Safford (Hagstrum, 1994; Liu et al., 2010; Vugteveen et al., 1981) deposits.

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7. Fig. 6. Fragments of global reconstructions (a, c) and calculation of kinematic parameters (b, d) at 33 Ma for the Chuquicamata deposit and 5 Ma for the El Teniente deposit. JFR (Fig. 6c) is the Juan Fernandez Ridge. For other legend, see Fig. 4. Global reconstructions (Muller et al., 2019) were used, as well as specific paleogeodynamic characteristics for the Chuquicamata (Prezzi, Vilas, 1998; Ramos, Folguera, 2009) and El Teniente (Goguitchaichvili et al., 2000; Ramos, Folguera, 2009; 2011) deposits.

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8. Fig. 7. Fragment of the global reconstruction (a) and calculation of kinematic parameters (b, c) for 3 million years ago for the Panguna and Grasberg deposits. In (a), the northern boundary of the thrust Australian plate is indicated by a black thick dotted line. GR is the Grasberg deposit, PN is the Panguna deposit, OJP is the Ontong Java plateau. For other legend, see Fig. 4. Global reconstructions (Muller et al., 2019) were used taking into account data (Cloos et al., 2005; Sapiie, 2016), as well as specific paleogeodynamic characteristics for the Panguna (Musgrave, 1990; Taylor, 1987) and Grasberg (Paterson, Cloos, 2005; paleomagnetic poles Nos. 1911, 1912 from Pisarevsky et al., 2022) fields.

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9. Fig. 8. Comparison of models of (a) spreading rate (Baulila et al., 2021; Muller et al., 2019) and (b) total ore volume of Pacific Rim porphyry Cu deposits (this work) for the last 125 Ma. Time dependence numbers in (a): 1, 2 – MOR spreading rate according to (Müller et al. 2019) and its trend calculated by smoothing the initial values, according to (Boulila et al., 2021), respectively; 3, 4 – model reconstructed time series of spreading rate after removing the trend and the largest harmonic of the model series according to (Boulila et al., 2021), respectively. Time dependence numbers in (b): 5, 6 – initial series of total ore volume and smoothed by Savitsky-Golay filter (this work), respectively; 7, 8 – model reconstructed time series of total ore volume and the largest amplitude harmonic of the model series by (this work), respectively. Gray rectangles emphasize the time connection of maxima in time dependences of total ore volume (b), on the one hand, and minima in time dependences of spreading rate (a), on the other.

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