Мақаланы E-mail арқылы жіберу New aspects concerning Pediculus capitis (Anoplura: Pedicullidae) infestation in Iran
- Авторлар: Nasirian H.1, Ahmadi S.A.2
-
Мекемелер:
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences
- Iran University of Medical Sciences
- Шығарылым: Том 58, № 5 (2024)
- Беттер: 355-451
- Бөлім: Articles
- URL: https://journal-vniispk.ru/0031-1847/article/view/271498
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S0031184724050016
- EDN: https://elibrary.ru/WBYBLG
- ID: 271498
Дәйексөз келтіру
Толық мәтін
Аннотация
Pediculosis caused by the Pediculus capitis (De Geer, 1767), is a major public health concern worldwide, including in Iran. Policymakers must be well-informed on the relevant evidence through comprehensive studies. No study has been done concerning trends of Pediculus capitis infestation in provinces of Iran, geographic and climatic regions, seasons, location of meridians and tropics areas, together with the distribution and stratification. Therefore, a study of the mentioned objectives was conducted. The data on P. capitis infestation levels and factor impacts on P. capitis infestation levels in Iranian people were extracted and summarized from 126 articles. The trends of P. capitis infestation have increased in about half of the country’s provinces over the previous two decades. These provinces are located mostly in the southern Caspian Sea shores, the central plateau, and the south coast. Pediculus capitis infestations are in the range of -ꝏ–-0.40, -0.40–-0.20, and -0.20–0.00 in the regression coefficient regarding the distribution and stratification. For the first time in this study, the impact of the meridians and the tropics that pass through Iran was also evaluated on P. capitis infestation. Based on the intensity of P. capitis infestation, the order of the influence of the factors that affect infestation is estimated. Interaction modeling demonstrated that primary school has a synergistic impact on time trends. In addition, the Western mountains, the central plateau, and the southeast showed synergistic effects with time trends on the incidence of the outcome. The findings provide the national baseline data to initiate steps for national pediculosis intervention programs.
Негізгі сөздер
Толық мәтін
Pediculosis is a major public health concern in many countries, especially among overcrowded and lower-income children. Pediculus capitis (De Geer, 1767), commonly known as the head lice, is an obligate human ectoparasite and can be found in various parts of the world, including Iran. Head lice infestations can occur in any place where there is close contact between individuals, such as schools, households, or communities. Head lice infest millions of children worldwide. Insects live in the immediate scalp vicinity of individual hair follicles, piercing the skin to feed on blood (Awaad et al., 2023; Feldmeier, 2023; Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021; Nasirian, 2023b; Nasirian, Ahmadi, 2024; Nawab et al., 2024; Valero et al., 2024). Epidemiological interpretations of head lice infestation rates and how factors including age, sex, family size, parent education level, and economic status influenced infestations were explored (Alarifi et al., 2022; Gholami et al., 2024; Nasirian, 2023b; Valero et al., 2024).
Several articles in the scientific literature have estimated infestation rates and the impact of factors affecting the head lice infestation in several regions of Iran, mostly focusing on a single study. Policymakers must be well-informed of the relevant evidence on time through comprehensive studies. This kind of study increases the ability, accuracy, and power of research outcomes for policymakers to provide documents that individual studies cannot provide to health system decision-makers (Nasirian, 2023b; Oliveira et al., 2021; Shanavaz et al., 2023). Pediculus capitis infestation and the impact of factors affecting infestation of school students and the community have recently been monitored on a global scale (Nasirian, 2023b; Nasirian and Ahmadi, 2024). However, so far, no study has been done that deals with the trends of P. capitis infestation in Iran’s provinces, geographic and climatic regions, seasons and in the meridians 50°E, 55°E and 60°E and the tropics at 30°N and 35°N, along with the distribution and stratification of the P. capitis infestation in Iran and statistical analysis including a comparison of factor impact on P. capitis infestation level and interaction modeling with Poisson regression at the same time. The findings may provide the national baseline data to initiate steps for national pediculosis intervention programs, which is important for this country and can establish a model for monitoring and controlling head lice in schools. Therefore, a study was designed and conducted with the mentioned objectives.
Materials and methods
Collection and selection of papers for review
In order to conduct and design this study, the methods and research patterns of the following resources were exploited, including Ahmadi et al., 2024; Kassiri, Nasirian, 2021; Nasirian, 2017a, b; Nasirian, 2019a; Nasirian, 2019b; Nasirian, 2020, 2022, 2023a, c, 2024a, b; Nasirian and Salehzadeh, 2019; Nasirian et al., 2023; Nasirian, Zahirnia, 2021; and Zahirnia et al., 2023. Among the articles cited in Nasirian (2023) and Nasirian, Ahmadi (2024), those that were dedicated to P. capitis infestation and factors affecting P. capitis infestation in students of preschools and primary schools, and the community in Iran were chosen. These articles were collected from well-known indexing services, including Elsevier, Entomological Society of America publications, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springer, and Web of Science (Nasirian, 2023b; Nasirian, Ahmadi, 2024). By researching, the new research that was done was also added to the resources. In the next step, if new information details are needed, they add to them according to data sources and grouped under specific titles in Tables 1–8.
Table 1. Pediculus capitis infestation in students of preschools and primary schools, based on a literature search
Counties | Provinces | E | I | I (%) | Sampling | References | |||||||||||
Boys | Girls | Both | Boys | Girls | Both | Boys | Girls | Both | Schools | Students | Gender | Location | Date | Selection | |||
Preschools | |||||||||||||||||
Rasht | Gilan | 913 | 867 | 1780 | 38 | 54 | 92 | 41.0 | 59.0 | 5.1 | 29 | 1780 | Both | Local | 1998–1999 | Overall | Gholchaye, Ahmadi Ghajari, 2000* |
Across | Iran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 351 | 4389 | 4740 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.2 | ‒ | 213450 | Both | Across | 2005 | Overall | Amirkhani et al., 2011* |
Kashan | Isfahan | 585 | 615 | 1200 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 0.17 | 1.1 | 0.7 | ‒ | 1200 | Both | Local | Feb 2009 | Overall | Dehghani et al., 2012* |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 38 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.9 | 35 | 2040 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012* |
Asadabad | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 2355 | ‒ | ‒ | 52 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.2 | ‒ | 16438 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Overall | Nazari et al., 2016b* |
Sari | Mazandaran | 123 | 293 | 416 | 8 | 19 | 27 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 10 | 416 | Both | Local | 2014 | Randomly | Jahandideh et al., 2017* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 575 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.5 | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2017 | Overall | Jarahi et al., 2017* |
Primary schools | |||||||||||||||||
Kashan | Isfahan | 1986 | ‒ | ‒ | 17 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.86 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | 1986 | Boys | Local | 1997 | Randomly | Dehghani et al., 1999* |
Sari | Mazandaran | 6097 | 4894 | 10991 | 32 | 183 | 215 | 0.52 | 3.7 | 1.9 | 58 | 10991 | Both | Local | 1997–1998 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 1999* |
Bushehr | Bushehr | 3913 | 1962 | 1951 | ‒ | ‒ | 469 | 2.0 | 22.0 | 12.0 | ‒ | 1951 | Both | Local | 1999–2000 | Randomly | Arjomanzadeh et al., 2001* |
Ilam | Ilam | 320 | 338 | 658 | 14 | 22 | 36 | 4.5 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 6 | 658 | Both | Local | Mar 97–Apr 98 | Randomly | Gholamiparizad, Abedzadah, 2001* |
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer–Ahmad | 6438 | 5809 | 12247 | 85 | 1266 | 1351 | 1.3 | 21.8 | 11.0 | 64 | 2567 | Both | Local | Nov–Dec 1999 | Overall | Shahraki et al., 2001* |
Shahriar | Tehran | ‒ | ‒ | 1921 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 8.2 | 24.3 | 15.8 | ‒ | 1921 | Both | Local | Oct–Mar 1993 | Overall | Bashiri et al., 2002* |
Bandar Abbas | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | 3249 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | 20.3 | 12.3 | ‒ | 3249 | Both | Local | 1999–2000 | Randomly | Soleimani Zadeh, Sharifi Sarasiabi, 2002* |
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 918 | ‒ | ‒ | 918 | ‒ | 27.0 | 12 | 918 | Girls | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003* | ||
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 1650 | ‒ | ‒ | 74 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.5 | ‒ | ‒ | 1650 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Farzinnia et al., 2004* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 1195 | ‒ | ‒ | 235 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.7 | 18 | 1195 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Davari, Yaghmaei, 2005* |
Ardabil | Ardabil | ‒ | 417 | ‒ | ‒ | 119 | ‒ | ‒ | 28.5 | ‒ | ‒ | 417 | Girls | Local | Oct 2001–May 2002 | Randomly | Edalatkhah et al., 2005* |
Kerman | Kerman | 564 | 636 | 1200 | 2 | 43 | 45 | 0.35 | 6.8 | 3.8 | 50 | 1200 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005* |
Rasht | Gilan | 1493 | 1400 | 2893 | 49 | 80 | 129 | 3.3 | 5.7 | 4.5 | ‒ | 2893 | Both | Local | 2002–2003 | Randomly | Pourbaba et al., 2005* |
Babol | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 2300 | ‒ | ‒ | 51 | 0.96 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 9 | ‒ | ‒ | Local | 2003–2004 | Randomly | Zabihi et al., 2005* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | 7219 | ‒ | ‒ | 975 | ‒ | ‒ | 13.5 | ‒ | 120 | 975 | Girls | Local | 2000–2001 | Randomly | Zahirnia et al., 2005* |
Gorgan | Golestan | ‒ | 200 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 10.8 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Local | ‒ | Overall | Borghei, Gharaje, 2006* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | 440 | 407 | 847 | 3 | 55 | 58 | 0.7 | 13.5 | 6.9 | 12 | 847 | Both | Local | ‒ | Overall | Nazari et al., 2006* |
Amlash | Gilan | 2115 | 2129 | 4244 | 100 | 292 | 392 | 4.7 | 13.7 | 9.2 | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006* |
Zabol | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 1066 | ‒ | ‒ | 313 | ‒ | ‒ | 29.4 | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | Girls | Local | 2003 | Randomly | Zareban et al., 2006* |
Qeshm | Hormozgan | 269 | 246 | 515 | 96 | 27 | 123 | 35.7 | 11.0 | 23.9 | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani–Ahmadi, 2007* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 600 | ‒ | ‒ | 46 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.7 | ‒ | ‒ | 600 | Girls | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007* |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | 847 | 1948 | 2795 | 0 | 102 | 102 | 0 | 5.2 | 3.6 | 13 | 2795 | Both | Local | Jul–Nov 2006 | Overall | Hodjati et al., 2008* |
Kerman | Kerman | 19774 | 20812 | 40586 | 118 | 603 | 721 | 0.6 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 198 | 40586 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali–Emami et al., 2008* |
Bahar | Hamadan | 450 | 450 | 900 | 2 | 10 | 12 | 0.44 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 18 | 900 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2008 | Randomly | Moradi et al., 2009* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | 810 | ‒ | ‒ | 89 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 810 | Girls | Local | Apr–Jun 2006 | Randomly | Rafie et al., 2009* |
Birjand | South Khorasan | 1531 | 1515 | 3046 | 16 | 75 | 91 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | ‒ | 500 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2001 | Randomly | Ghaderi et al., 2010* |
Khajeh | East Azerbaijan | 200 | 300 | 500 | 4 | 20 | 24 | 2.0 | 6.7 | 4.8 | 20 | 213450 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Shayeghi et al., 2010* |
Across | Iran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 9338 | 122715 | 132053 | 65.2 | 61.7 | 61.9 | ‒ | 213450 | Both | Across | 2005 | Overall | Amirkhani et al., 2011* |
Amlash | Gilan | 45 | 102 | 147 | 2 | 14 | 16 | 4.4 | 13.7 | 10.9 | ‒ | 147 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Rafinejad et al., 2011* |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | 866 | 1174 | 2040 | 16 | 65 | 81 | 1.8 | 5.5 | 4.0 | 35 | 2040 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012* |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 8568 | ‒ | ‒ | 701 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.2 | ‒ | 17722 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2011 | Overall | Moradi et al., 2012* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 1725 | ‒ | ‒ | 131 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.6 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Local | 2010 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2012* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 810 | ‒ | 38 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.7 | ‒ | 27 | 810 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012* | |
Sirjan | Kerman | 30 | 65 | 95 | 0 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 24.6 | 16.8 | ‒ | 22 | Both | Local | 2010–2011 | Overall | Yousefi et al., 2012* |
Robat Karim | Tehran | 10000 | ‒ | ‒ | 125 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.3 | ‒ | ‒ | 10000 | Girls | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Afshari et al., 2013* | |
Javanrud | Kermanshah | ‒ | 865 | ‒ | ‒ | 72 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.3 | ‒ | ‒ | 865 | Girls | Local | 2011 | Randomly | Geravandi et al., 2013* |
Chabahar | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 153 | ‒ | ‒ | 116 | ‒ | ‒ | 75.8 | ‒ | 2 | 153 | Girls | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Gholamnia Shirvani et al., 2013* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 900 | ‒ | ‒ | 120 | ‒ | ‒ | 13.3 | ‒ | 45 | 900 | Girls | Local | 2011 | Overall | Noroozi et al., 2013* |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | ‒ | 385 | ‒ | ‒ | 61 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.8 | ‒ | 6 | 385 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 750 | ‒ | ‒ | 60 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.0 | ‒ | 25 | 750 | Girls | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013* |
Aran va Bidgol | Isfahan | 2096 | 1493 | 3589 | 2 | 15 | 17 | 0.05 | 0.42 | 0.47 | 19 | 3589 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2008 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014a* |
Kashan | Isfahan | 1077 | 1074 | 2151 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 0.6 | 0.75 | 0.7 | 23 | 624 | Both | Local | Nov 2012–May 2013 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014b* |
Maneh–Semelghan | North Khorasan | 120 | 130 | 250 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 4.2 | 15.4 | 10.0 | ‒ | 250 | Both | Local | 2013 | Randomly | Hosseini et al., 2014* |
Damghan | Semnan | ‒ | 2700 | ‒ | ‒ | 97 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.6 | ‒ | ‒ | 2700 | Girls | Local | 2008 | Overall | Mohammadi Azni, 2014* |
Azadshahr | Golestan | ‒ | 1510 | ‒ | ‒ | 55 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.6 | ‒ | ‒ | 1510 | Girls | Local | 2012–2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a* |
Sari | Mazandaran | 645 | 4067 | 4712 | 9 | 69 | 78 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.7 | ‒ | 4712 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b* |
Kalaleh | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | 2500 | 10 | 147 | 157 | 1.8 | 10.1 | 6.3 | ‒ | 2500 | Both | Local | Oct 2013–Jun 2014 | Randomly | Noori et al., 2014* |
Abadan | Khuzestan | 302 | 322 | 624 | 0 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 8.4 | 4.3 | 26 | 104 | Both | Local | 2012 | Randomly | Salehi et al., 2014* |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | 164 | 220 | 384 | 14 | 40 | 54 | 8.5 | 18.2 | 14.1 | 4 | 384 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014* |
Pakdasht | Tehran | 28242 | 25490 | 53732 | 122 | 556 | 678 | 0.43 | 2.2 | 1.3 | ‒ | 53732 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2013 | Overall | Davari et al., 2015* |
Sarab | East Azerbaijan | 138 | 490 | 628 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.8 | 6.6 | 5.9 | 40 | 661 | Both | Local | Aug 2013–Mar 2014 | Randomly | Dehghanzadeh et al., 2015* |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 3757 | ‒ | ‒ | 106 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.8 | ‒ | ‒ | 3757 | Girls | Local | 2013–2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015* |
Bojnurd | North Khorasan | 722 | 753 | 1475 | 21 | 93 | 114 | 2.9 | 12.4 | 7.7 | 75 | 1475 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2013 | Randomly | Rajabzade et al., 2015* |
Shahriar | Tehran | ‒ | 750 | ‒ | ‒ | 36 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.8 | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | Local | 2012–2103 | Randomly | Alborzi et al., 2016* |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | 3847 | 8935 | 12782 | 11 | 227 | 238 | 0.29 | 2.5 | 1.9 | ‒ | 2744 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016* |
BandarAbbas | Hormozgan | 116 | 100 | 216 | ‒ | ‒ | 45 | 6.0 | 33.3 | 20.8 | ‒ | 216 | Both | Local | 2014 | Overall | Hosseinpour et al., 2016* |
Galugah | Mazandaran | 132 | 168 | 300 | 9 | 8 | 17 | 6.8 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 16 | 300 | Both | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016* |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | 405 | 345 | 750 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 10 | 750 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016* |
Hashtgerd | Alborz | 185 | 187 | 372 | 1 | 16 | 17 | 0.54 | 8.6 | 4.6 | 6 | 372 | Both | Local | Oct 2012– Jun 2013 | Randomly | Morowati Sharifabad et al., 2016* |
Kalaleh | Golestan | 265 | 276 | 541 | 5 | 30 | 35 | 1.9 | 10.9 | 6.5 | 4 | 3757 | Girls | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016* |
Lar | Fars | ‒ | 2084 | ‒ | ‒ | 82 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.9 | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | Girls | Local | Dec 2013–Jan 2014 | Overall | Moemenbellah–Fard et al., 2016* |
Asadabad | Hamadan | 188 | 412 | 600 | 1 | 13 | 14 | 0.53 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 16 | 600 | Both | Local | 2013–2014 | Randomly | Nazari et al., 2016a* |
Asadabad | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 30168 | ‒ | ‒ | 564 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | ‒ | 16438 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Overall | Nazari et al., 2016b* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 485 | ‒ | ‒ | 85 | ‒ | ‒ | 17.5 | ‒ | 5 | 485 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016* |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | 170 | ‒ | ‒ | 22 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.9 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Girls | Local | Mar–Apr 2015 | Overall | Ghajari et al., 2017* |
Pakdasht, Pishva, Qrachak and Varamin | Tehran | ‒ | ‒ | 3483 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 7.9 | 10 | 3483 | Both | Local | Oct 2014–Jun 2015 | Randomly | Ghandali et al., 2017* |
Zanjan | Zanjan | ‒ | 915 | ‒ | ‒ | 95 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.6 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Girls | Local | ‒ | Overall | Ghavami, Ahmadi, 2017* |
Lowshan | Gilan | ‒ | 414 | ‒ | ‒ | 78 | ‒ | ‒ | 18.8 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | 2016 | Randomly | Goodarzvand Chegini et al., 2017* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1810 | ‒ | ‒ | 48.7 | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2017 | Overall | Jarahi et al., 2017* |
Jahrom | Fars | 330 | 387 | 717 | 14 | 35 | 49 | 4.2 | 9.0 | 6.8 | ‒ | 717 | Both | Local | 2016–2017 | Randomly | Majidi et al., 2017* |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | 358 | ‒ | ‒ | 201 | ‒ | ‒ | 56.1 | ‒ | ‒ | 358 | Girls | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei–Dehkordi et al., 2017* |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | ‒ | 300 | ‒ | ‒ | 202 | ‒ | ‒ | 67.3 | ‒ | ‒ | 300 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani–Ahmadi et al., 2017* |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | 895 | 1055 | 1950 | 69 | 131 | 200 | 3.5 | 6.7 | 10.3 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018* |
Yazd | Yazd | 338 | 312 | 650 | 3 | 14 | 17 | 0.9 | 4.5 | 2.6 | 30 | 650 | Both | Local | Oct–Mar 2013 | Randomly | Ebrahimzadeh Ardakani, Fayazi Bargin, 2018* |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | 895 | 1055 | 1950 | 69 | 131 | 200 | 7.7 | 12.4 | 10.3 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018* |
Meybod | Yazd | ‒ | 402 | ‒ | ‒ | 59 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.7 | ‒ | 4 | 402 | Girls | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018* |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | 13141 | 15269 | 28410 | 797 | 2198 | 2995 | 6.1 | 14.4 | 10.5 | 280 | 28410 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 1725 | ‒ | ‒ | 229 | ‒ | ‒ | 13.3 | ‒ | 75 | 1725 | Girls | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018* |
Sabzevar | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 1200 | ‒ | ‒ | 146 | 8.6 | 18.9 | 12.2 | ‒ | 1200 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Tarkhasi et al., 2018* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 33 | 121 | 154 | 21.4 | 78.6 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | Sep 2015–Mar 2016 | Randomly | Tashakori et al., 2018* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 42.6 | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | Nov 2016–Mar 2017 | Overall | Beygi et al., 2019* |
Badrud | Isfahan | 808 | 787 | 1595 | 10 | 115 | 125 | 0.62 | 7.2 | 7.8 | ‒ | 1595 | Both | Local | 2017–2018 | Overall | Dehghani et al., 2019* |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | ‒ | 1466 | ‒ | ‒ | 292 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.9 | ‒ | ‒ | 1466 | Girls | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019* |
Kavar | Fars | ‒ | 3728 | ‒ | ‒ | 87 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.3 | ‒ | 21 | ‒ | Girls | Local | Dec 2016–Jul 2017 | Randomly | Kalari et al., 2019* |
Karun | Khuzestan | ‒ | 851 | ‒ | ‒ | 199 | ‒ | ‒ | 23.4 | ‒ | ‒ | 851 | Girls | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Ghofleh Maramazi et al., 2019* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | 3062 | ‒ | ‒ | 417 | 13.6 | ‒ | 3062 | Girls | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019* | |||
Jam | Bushehr | ‒ | 854 | ‒ | ‒ | 132 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.4 | ‒ | ‒ | Girls | Local | 2019 | Overall | Asadian et al., 2020* | |
Ardabil, Tabriz, Urmia and Zanjan | Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan | ‒ | 6410 | ‒ | ‒ | 562 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.8 | ‒ | 52 | ‒ | Both | Across | 2016–2018 | Overall | Ghavami et al., 2020* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 41392 | ‒ | ‒ | 504 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.2 | ‒ | 41392 | Both | Local | 2008 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 30762 | ‒ | ‒ | 621 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.0 | ‒ | 30762 | Both | Local | 2009 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 35721 | ‒ | ‒ | 528 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.5 | ‒ | 35721 | Both | Local | 2010 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 40726 | ‒ | ‒ | 172 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.4 | ‒ | 40726 | Both | Local | 2011 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 63133 | ‒ | ‒ | 1368 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.1 | ‒ | 63133 | Both | Local | 2012 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 41174 | ‒ | ‒ | 4561 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.3 | ‒ | 41174 | Both | Local | 2013 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 252908 | ‒ | ‒ | 4561 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | ‒ | 252908 | Both | Local | 2008–2013 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Karun | Khuzestan | 379 | 372 | 751 | 77 | 140 | 217 | 20.3 | 37.6 | 28.9 | ‒ | 751 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b* |
Birjand | South Khorasan | ‒ | 2417 | ‒ | ‒ | 329 | ‒ | ‒ | 13.6 | ‒ | 19 | 2417 | Girls | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Lashkari et al., 2020* |
Semnan | Semnan | 384 | 383 | 767 | 15 | 25 | 40 | 3.9 | 6.5 | 5.2 | 8 | 767 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | 1774 | 2116 | 3890 | 27 | 121 | 148 | 1.5 | 5.7 | 3.8 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 3027 | 2903 | 5930 | 461 | 1101 | 1562 | 15.2 | 37.9 | 26.3 | ‒ | 5930 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021* |
Rasht | Mazandaran | ‒ | 3033 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 7.9 | ‒ | ‒ | 3032 | Both | Local | ‒ | Overall | Moosazadeh et al., 2021* |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | 1515 | 1517 | 3032 | 37 | 93 | 130 | 2.4 | 6.1 | 4.3 | 33 | 3032 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021* |
Gilan–e Gharb | Kermanshah | 1335 | 1180 | 2515 | 12 | 52 | 64 | 0.9 | 4.4 | 2.5 | ‒ | 2515 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021* |
Dorud | Lorestan | ‒ | 896 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 10.5 | ‒ | ‒ | 361 | Both | Local | 2020 | Randomly | Barik–Abi et al., 2022* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 361 | ‒ | ‒ | 26 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.2 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Gahavand | Hamadan | ‒ | 499 | ‒ | ‒ | 89 | ‒ | ‒ | 17.8 | ‒ | ‒ | 499 | Girls | Local | 2020 | Overall | Hajiloie et al., 2022 * |
Marivan | Kurdistan | 227 | 230 | 457 | 34 | 75 | 109 | 15.0 | 32.6 | 23.9 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | 211 | 189 | 400 | 13 | 28 | 41 | 6.2 | 14.8 | 10.3 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | 179 | ‒ | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.7 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Girls | Local | Sep 2019–Mar 2019 | Randomly | Shirani–Bidabadi et al., 2022 |
Notes. E ‒ examined, I ‒ infested. * Cited in Nasirian, Ahmadi, 2024.
Table 2. Pediculus capitis infestation in the age groups of primary school students, based on a literature search
Counties | Provinces | E | I | I (%) | Sampling | References | |||||||||||
Age groups | Boys | Girls | Both | Boys | Girls | Both | Boys | Girls | Both | Schools | Students | Gender | Location | Date | Selection | ||
6 years | |||||||||||||||||
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 35 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.6 | ‒ | 12 | 35 | Girls | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 7412 | ‒ | ‒ | 298 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.0 | 198 | 40586 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali-Emami et al., 2008* |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 47 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.5 | 35 | 2040 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012* |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 20.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 358 | Girls | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei-Dehkordi et al., 2017* |
Karun | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 126 | ‒ | ‒ | 39 | ‒ | ‒ | 31.0 | ‒ | 751 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 999 | ‒ | ‒ | 279 | ‒ | ‒ | 27.9 | ‒ | 5930 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021* |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 628 | ‒ | ‒ | 38 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.1 | 33 | 3032 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021* |
7 years | |||||||||||||||||
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | 1233 | 1148 | 2381 | 5 | 176 | 181 | 0.41 | 15.3 | 7.6 | 64 | 2567 | Both | Local | Nov–Dec 1999 | Overall | Shahraki et al., 2001* |
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 151 | ‒ | ‒ | 42 | ‒ | ‒ | 27.8 | 12 | 918 | Girls | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003* | |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 319 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | ‒ | ‒ | 1650 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Farzinnia et al., 2004* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 230 | ‒ | ‒ | 26 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.3 | 18 | 1195 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Davari, Yaghmaei, 2005* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 195 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.6 | 50 | 1200 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 56 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.6 | 12 | 847 | Both | Local | ‒ | Overall | Nazari et al., 2006* |
Amlash | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | 754 | ‒ | ‒ | 76 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.1 | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003– 2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006* |
Zabol | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 228 | ‒ | ‒ | 46 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.2 | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | Girls | Local | 2003 | Randomly | Zareban et al., 2006* |
Qeshm | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 11.6 | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani-Ahmadi, 2007* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 113 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.88 | ‒ | ‒ | 600 | Girls | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 6051 | ‒ | ‒ | 194 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.2 | 198 | 40586 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali-Emami et al., 2008* |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 180 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.7 | 18 | 900 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2008 | Randomly | Moradi et al., 2009* |
Khajeh | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 96 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 13.5 | 20 | 500 | Both | Local | 2008– 2009 | Randomly | Shayeghi et al., 2010* |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 423 | ‒ | ‒ | 20 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.7 | 35 | 2040 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 23.6 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Local | 2010 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2012* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 148 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.7 | ‒ | 27 | 810 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012* |
Robat Karim | Tehran | ‒ | 10000 | ‒ | ‒ | 22 | ‒ | ‒ | 22.5 | ‒ | ‒ | 10000 | Girls | Local | 2008– 2009 | Randomly | Afshari et al., 2013* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.5 | ‒ | 45 | 900 | Girls | Local | 2011 | Overall | Noroozi et al., 2013* |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | ‒ | 75 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.0 | ‒ | 6 | 385 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 125 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.2 | ‒ | 25 | 750 | Girls | Local | 2009– 2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013* |
Aran va Bidgol | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 717 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.14 | 19 | 3589 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2008 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014a* |
Kashan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 624 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.3 | 23 | 624 | Both | Local | Nov 2012–May 2013 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014b* |
Damghan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.3 | ‒ | ‒ | 2700 | Girls | Local | 2008 | Overall | Mohammadi Azni, 2014* |
Azadshahr | Golestan | ‒ | 287 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.2 | ‒ | ‒ | 1510 | Girls | Local | 2012– 2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 678 | ‒ | ‒ | 9 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.3 | ‒ | 4712 | Both | Local | 2012– 2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b* |
Abadan | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 104 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.8 | 26 | 104 | Both | Local | 2012 | Randomly | Salehi et al., 2014* |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 49 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.2 | 4 | 384 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014* |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 608 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.3 | ‒ | ‒ | 3757 | Girls | Local | 2013– 2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015* |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | ‒ | ‒ | 2762 | ‒ | ‒ | 47 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.7 | ‒ | 2744 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016* |
Galugah | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 53 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.5 | 16 | 300 | Both | Local | 2009– 2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016* |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.3 | 10 | 750 | Both | Local | 2008– 2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016* |
Kalaleh | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | 190 | ‒ | ‒ | 9 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.7 | 4 | 3757 | Girls | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 101 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.9 | ‒ | 5 | 485 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016* |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | 49 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 33.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 358 | Girls | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei-Dehkordi et al., 2017* |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | ‒ | 50 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 50.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 300 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani-Ahmadi et al., 2017 * |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | 663 | 68 | 3.5 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | 2015– 2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018* | ||||||
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 351 | ‒ | ‒ | 68 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.4 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018* |
Meybod | Yazd | ‒ | 69 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 21.7 | ‒ | 4 | 402 | Girls | Local | 2015– 2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018* |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 4697 | ‒ | ‒ | 773 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.5 | 280 | 28410 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 345 | ‒ | ‒ | 52 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.1 | ‒ | 75 | 1725 | Girls | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018* |
Sabzevar | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 210 | ‒ | ‒ | 27 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.9 | ‒ | 1200 | Both | Local | 2015– 2016 | Randomly | Tarkhasi et al., 2018* |
Badrud | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 245 | ‒ | ‒ | 30 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | ‒ | 1595 | Both | Local | 2017– 2018 | Overall | Dehghani et al., 2019* |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | ‒ | 243 | ‒ | ‒ | 55 | ‒ | ‒ | 22.6 | ‒ | ‒ | 1466 | Girls | Local | 2017– 2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | 475 | ‒ | ‒ | 95 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 3062 | Girls | Local | 2017– 2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019* |
Karun | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 125 | ‒ | ‒ | 38 | ‒ | ‒ | 30.4 | ‒ | 751 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b* |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | 243 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.3 | 8 | 767 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | 115 | ‒ | ‒ | 18 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.7 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018– 2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 991 | ‒ | ‒ | 251 | ‒ | ‒ | 25.3 | ‒ | 5930 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021* |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 1521 | ‒ | ‒ | 64 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.2 | 33 | 3032 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021* |
Gilan-e Gharb | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 500 | ‒ | ‒ | 25 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.0 | ‒ | 2515 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 61 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.6 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Gahavand | Hamadan | ‒ | 77 | ‒ | ‒ | 16 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.8 | ‒ | ‒ | 499 | Girls | Local | 2020 | Overall | Hajiloie et al., 2022* |
Marivan | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 37.5 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018– 2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 44 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.9 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
8 years | |||||||||||||||||
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | 1234 | 1111 | 2345 | 6 | 212 | 218 | 0.49 | 19.1 | 9.3 | 64 | 2567 | Both | Local | Nov–Dec 1999 | Overall | Shahraki et al., 2001* |
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | 156 | 40 | 25.6 | 12 | 918 | Girls | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003* | ||||||
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 391 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 4.5 | ‒ | ‒ | 1650 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Farzinnia et al., 2004* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 242 | ‒ | ‒ | 72 | ‒ | ‒ | 29.7 | 18 | 1195 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Davari, Yaghmaei, 2005* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 223 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | 50 | 1200 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 75 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.7 | 12 | 847 | Both | Local | ‒ | Overall | Nazari et al., 2006* |
Amlash | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | 701 | ‒ | ‒ | 67 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.6 | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006* |
Zabol | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 216 | ‒ | ‒ | 49 | ‒ | ‒ | 22.7 | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | Girls | Local | 2003 | Randomly | Zareban et al., 2006* |
Qeshm | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 17.4 | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani-Ahmadi, 2007* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 115 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.5 | ‒ | ‒ | 600 | Girls | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 7965 | ‒ | ‒ | 103 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.3 | 198 | 40586 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali-Emami et al., 2008* |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 180 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.1 | 18 | 900 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2008 | Randomly | Moradi et al., 2009* |
Khajeh | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 113 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.4 | 20 | 500 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Shayeghi et al., 2010* |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 421 | ‒ | ‒ | 17 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.0 | 35 | 2040 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 15.3 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Local | 2010 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2012* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 140 | ‒ | ‒ | 9 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.4 | ‒ | 27 | 810 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012* |
Robat Karim | Tehran | ‒ | 10000 | ‒ | ‒ | 19 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.4 | ‒ | ‒ | 10000 | Girls | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Afshari et al., 2013* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 18 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.0 | ‒ | 45 | 900 | Girls | Local | 2011 | Overall | Noroozi et al., 2013* |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | ‒ | 63 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 17.5 | ‒ | 6 | 385 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 117 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.1 | ‒ | 25 | 750 | Girls | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013* |
Aran va Bidgol | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 658 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.58 | 19 | 3589 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2008 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014a* |
Kashan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 206 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.5 | 23 | 624 | Both | Local | Nov 2012–May 2013 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014b* |
Damghan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.5 | ‒ | ‒ | 2700 | Girls | Local | 2008 | Overall | Mohammadi Azni, 2014* |
Azadshahr | Golestan | ‒ | 264 | ‒ | ‒ | 9 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.4 | ‒ | ‒ | 1510 | Girls | Local | 2012–2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 705 | ‒ | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.7 | ‒ | 4712 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b* |
Abadan | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 104 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.9 | 26 | 104 | Both | Local | 2012 | Randomly | Salehi et al., 2014* |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 75 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.3 | 4 | 384 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014* |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 612 | ‒ | ‒ | 17 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.8 | ‒ | ‒ | 3757 | Girls | Local | 2013–2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015* |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | ‒ | ‒ | 2744 | ‒ | ‒ | 50 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | ‒ | 2744 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016* |
Galugah | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 49 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.0 | 16 | 300 | Both | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016* |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.7 | 10 | 750 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016* |
Kalaleh | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | 190 | ‒ | ‒ | 9 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.7 | 4 | 3757 | Girls | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 87 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.1 | ‒ | 5 | 485 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016* |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | 63 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 32.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 358 | Girls | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei-Dehkordi et al., 2017* |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | ‒ | 52 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 57.7 | ‒ | ‒ | 300 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani-Ahmadi et al., 2017* |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | 390 | 40 | 2.1 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018* | ||||||
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 320 | ‒ | ‒ | 40 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.5 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018* |
Meybod | Yazd | ‒ | 77 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.5 | ‒ | 4 | 402 | Girls | Local | 2015-2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018* |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 6143 | ‒ | ‒ | 798 | ‒ | ‒ | 13.0 | 280 | 28410 | Both | Local | Feb-Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 347 | ‒ | ‒ | 36 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.4 | ‒ | 75 | 1725 | Girls | Local | Mar 2015-Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018* |
Sabzevar | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 222 | ‒ | ‒ | 33 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.9 | ‒ | 1200 | Both | Local | 2015-2016 | Randomly | Tarkhasi et al., 2018* |
Badrud | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 240 | ‒ | ‒ | 24 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.5 | ‒ | 1595 | Both | Local | 2017–2018 | Overall | Dehghani et al., 2019* |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | ‒ | 233 | ‒ | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | ‒ | 13.7 | ‒ | ‒ | 1466 | Girls | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | 512 | ‒ | ‒ | 53 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.4 | ‒ | ‒ | 3062 | Girls | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019* |
Karun | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 123 | ‒ | ‒ | 47 | ‒ | ‒ | 38.2 | ‒ | 751 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b* |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | 243 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.3 | 8 | 767 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | 159 | ‒ | ‒ | 23 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.5 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 992 | ‒ | ‒ | 290 | ‒ | ‒ | 29.2 | ‒ | 5930 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021* |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 1521 | ‒ | ‒ | 64 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.2 | 33 | 3032 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021* |
Gilan-e Gharb | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 409 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.2 | ‒ | 2515 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 65 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.6 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Gahavand | Hamadan | ‒ | 78 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.7 | ‒ | ‒ | 499 | Girls | Local | 2020 | Overall | Hajiloie et al., 2022* |
Marivan | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 44 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 34.1 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 61 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.5 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
9 years | |||||||||||||||||
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | 1207 | 1067 | 2274 | 17 | 259 | 276 | 1.4 | 24.3 | 12.1 | 64 | 2567 | Both | Local | Nov–Dec 1999 | Overall | Shahraki et al., 2001* |
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 169 | ‒ | ‒ | 40 | ‒ | ‒ | 23.7 | ‒ | 12 | 918 | Girls | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 308 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.3 | ‒ | ‒ | 1650 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Farzinnia et al., 2004* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 198 | ‒ | ‒ | 65 | ‒ | ‒ | 32.8 | 18 | 1195 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Davari, Yaghmaei, 2005* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 213 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.6 | 50 | 1200 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 90 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.7 | 12 | 847 | Both | Local | ‒ | Overall | Nazari et al., 2006* |
Amlash | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | 833 | ‒ | ‒ | 79 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.5 | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006* |
Zabol | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 212 | ‒ | ‒ | 55 | ‒ | ‒ | 25.9 | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | Girls | Local | 2003 | Randomly | Zareban et al., 2006* |
Qeshm | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 19.0 | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani-Ahmadi, 2007* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 99 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.1 | ‒ | ‒ | 600 | Girls | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 9904 | ‒ | ‒ | 80 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.81 | 198 | 40586 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali-Emami et al., 2008* |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 180 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.1 | 18 | 900 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2008 | Randomly | Moradi et al., 2009* |
Khajeh | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 105 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.9 | 20 | 500 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Shayeghi et al., 2010* |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 368 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.2 | 35 | 2040 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 18.3 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Local | 2010 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2012* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 187 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.7 | ‒ | 27 | 810 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012* |
Robat Karim | Tehran | ‒ | 10000 | ‒ | ‒ | 22 | ‒ | ‒ | 22.5 | ‒ | ‒ | 10000 | Girls | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Afshari et al., 2013* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 22 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.2 | ‒ | 45 | 900 | Girls | Local | 2011 | Overall | Noroozi et al., 2013* |
Aran va Bidgol | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 710 | ‒ | ‒ | 6 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.85 | 19 | 3589 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2008 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014a* |
Kashan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 517 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.4 | 23 | 624 | Both | Local | Nov 2012–May 2013 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014b* |
Damghan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 19 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.6 | ‒ | ‒ | 2700 | Girls | Local | 2008 | Overall | Mohammadi Azni, 2014* |
Azadshahr | Golestan | ‒ | 239 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.4 | ‒ | ‒ | 1510 | Girls | Local | 2012–2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 702 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.6 | ‒ | 4712 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b* |
Abadan | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 104 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.9 | 26 | 104 | Both | Local | 2012 | Randomly | Salehi et al., 2014* |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 90 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.4 | 4 | 384 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014* |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 621 | ‒ | ‒ | 24 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.9 | ‒ | ‒ | 3757 | Girls | Local | 2013–2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015* |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | ‒ | ‒ | 2701 | ‒ | ‒ | 52 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | ‒ | 2744 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016* |
Galugah | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 63 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.9 | 16 | 300 | Both | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016* |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.4 | 10 | 750 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016* |
Kalaleh | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | 184 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.0 | 4 | 3757 | Girls | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 92 | ‒ | ‒ | 18 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.6 | ‒ | 5 | 485 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016* |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | 59 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 31.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 358 | Girls | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei-Dehkordi et al., 2017* |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | ‒ | 43 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 81.4 | ‒ | ‒ | 300 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani-Ahmadi et al., 2017* |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 390 | 40 | 2.1 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018* | ||||
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 320 | ‒ | ‒ | 40 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.5 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018* |
Meybod | Yazd | ‒ | 82 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 13.4 | ‒ | 4 | 402 | Girls | Local | 2015-2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018* |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 7011 | ‒ | ‒ | 526 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.5 | 280 | 28410 | Both | Local | Feb-Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 343 | ‒ | ‒ | 42 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.2 | ‒ | 75 | 1725 | Girls | Local | Mar 2015-Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018* |
Sabzevar | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 189 | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.8 | ‒ | 1200 | Both | Local | 2015-2016 | Randomly | Tarkhasi et al., 2018* |
Badrud | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 246 | ‒ | ‒ | 19 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.2 | ‒ | 1595 | Both | Local | 2017–2018 | Overall | Dehghani et al., 2019* |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | ‒ | 265 | ‒ | ‒ | 48 | ‒ | ‒ | 18.1 | ‒ | ‒ | 1466 | Girls | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | 526 | ‒ | ‒ | 84 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 3062 | Girls | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019* |
Karun | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 123 | ‒ | ‒ | 30 | ‒ | ‒ | 24.4 | ‒ | 751 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b* |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | 259 | ‒ | ‒ | 17 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.6 | 8 | 767 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | 332 | ‒ | ‒ | 35 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.5 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 992 | ‒ | ‒ | 244 | ‒ | ‒ | 24.6 | ‒ | 5930 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021* |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 1521 | ‒ | ‒ | 64 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.2 | 33 | 3032 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021* |
Gilan-e Gharb | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 459 | ‒ | ‒ | 10 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.2 | ‒ | 2515 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 66 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.6 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Gahavand | Hamadan | ‒ | 91 | ‒ | ‒ | 17 | ‒ | ‒ | 18.7 | ‒ | ‒ | 499 | Girls | Local | 2020 | Overall | Hajiloie et al., 2022* |
Marivan | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 111 | ‒ | ‒ | 22 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.8 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 66 | ‒ | ‒ | 6 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.1 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
10 years | |||||||||||||||||
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | 1384 | 1296 | 2680 | 20 | 306 | 326 | 1.4 | 23.6 | 12.2 | 64 | 2567 | Both | Local | Nov–Dec 1999 | Overall | Shahraki et al., 2001* |
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 184 | ‒ | ‒ | 56 | ‒ | ‒ | 30.4 | ‒ | 12 | 918 | Girls | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 351 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 7.4 | ‒ | ‒ | 1650 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Farzinnia et al., 2004* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 263 | ‒ | ‒ | 42 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.9 | 18 | 1195 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Davari, Yaghmaei, 2005* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 224 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.89 | 50 | 1200 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 89 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.7 | 12 | Local | ‒ | Overall | Nazari et al., 2006* | ||
Amlash | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | 932 | ‒ | ‒ | 83 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.9 | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006* |
Zabol | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 209 | ‒ | ‒ | 75 | ‒ | ‒ | 35.9 | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | Girls | Local | 2003 | Randomly | Zareban et al., 2006* |
Qeshm | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 24.8 | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani-Ahmadi, 2007* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 104 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.7 | ‒ | ‒ | 600 | Girls | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 8972 | ‒ | ‒ | 45 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.5 | 198 | 40586 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali-Emami et al., 2008* |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 180 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.2 | 18 | 900 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2008 | Randomly | Moradi et al., 2009* |
Khajeh | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 87 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.3 | 20 | 500 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Shayeghi et al., 2010* |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 414 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.6 | 35 | 2040 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 16.8 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Local | 2010 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2012* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 144 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.6 | ‒ | 27 | 810 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012* |
Robat Karim | Tehran | ‒ | 10000 | ‒ | ‒ | 21 | ‒ | ‒ | 21.4 | ‒ | ‒ | 10000 | Girls | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Afshari et al., 2013* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 20 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.1 | ‒ | 45 | 900 | Girls | Local | 2011 | Overall | Noroozi et al., 2013* |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | ‒ | 78 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 17.9 | ‒ | 6 | 385 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013 |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 188 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.9 | ‒ | 25 | 750 | Girls | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013* |
Aran va Bidgol | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 735 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.41 | 19 | 3589 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2008 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014a* |
Kashan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 318 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.6 | 23 | 624 | Both | Local | Nov 2012–May 2013 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014b* |
Damghan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 22 | ‒ | ‒ | 22.7 | ‒ | ‒ | 2700 | Girls | Local | 2008 | Overall | Mohammadi Azni, 2014* |
Azadshahr | Golestan | ‒ | 245 | ‒ | ‒ | 10 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.1 | ‒ | ‒ | 1510 | Girls | Local | 2012–2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 835 | ‒ | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.4 | ‒ | 4712 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b* |
Abadan | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 104 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.8 | 26 | 104 | Both | Local | 2012 | Randomly | Salehi et al., 2014* |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 150 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.7 | 4 | 384 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014* |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 636 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.4 | ‒ | ‒ | 3757 | Girls | Local | 2013–2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015* |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | ‒ | ‒ | 2477 | ‒ | ‒ | 48 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | ‒ | 2744 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016* |
Galugah | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 67 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.0 | 16 | 300 | Both | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016* |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | 10 | 750 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016* |
Kalaleh | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | 184 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.0 | 4 | 3757 | Girls | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 100 | ‒ | ‒ | 20 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.0 | ‒ | 5 | 485 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016* |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | 67 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 26.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 358 | Girls | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei-Dehkordi et al., 2017* |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | ‒ | 51 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 76.4 | ‒ | ‒ | 300 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani-Ahmadi et al., 2017* |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 273 | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.4 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018* |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 318 | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.8 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018* |
Meybod | Yazd | ‒ | 59 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.5 | ‒ | 4 | 402 | Girls | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018* |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 5460 | ‒ | ‒ | 499 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.1 | 280 | 28410 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 344 | ‒ | ‒ | 38 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.0 | ‒ | 75 | 1725 | Girls | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018* |
Sabzevar | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 204 | ‒ | ‒ | 18 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.8 | ‒ | 1200 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Tarkhasi et al., 2018* |
Badrud | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 250 | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | ‒ | 1595 | Both | Local | 2017–2018 | Overall | Dehghani et al., 2019* |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | ‒ | 231 | ‒ | ‒ | 51 | ‒ | ‒ | 22.1 | ‒ | ‒ | 1466 | Girls | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | 526 | ‒ | ‒ | 74 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.1 | ‒ | ‒ | 3062 | Girls | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019* |
Karun | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 123 | ‒ | ‒ | 37 | ‒ | ‒ | 30.1 | ‒ | 751 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b* |
Birjand | South Khorasan | ‒ | 417 | ‒ | ‒ | 62 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.9 | ‒ | 19 | 2417 | Girls | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Lashkari et al., 2020* |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | 259 | ‒ | ‒ | 17 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.6 | 8 | 767 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | 989 | ‒ | ‒ | 23 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.3 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 979 | ‒ | ‒ | 296 | ‒ | ‒ | 30.2 | ‒ | 5930 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021* |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 883 | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.2 | 33 | 3032 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021* |
Gilan-e Gharb | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 390 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | ‒ | 2515 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 64 | ‒ | ‒ | 9 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.1 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Gahavand | Hamadan | ‒ | 87 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 17.2 | ‒ | ‒ | 499 | Girls | Local | 2020 | Overall | Hajiloie et al., 2022* |
Marivan | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 127 | ‒ | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | ‒ | 25.2 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 93 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.8 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
11 years | |||||||||||||||||
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | 1380 | 1187 | 2567 | 12 | 313 | 325 | 0.87 | 26.4 | 12.7 | 64 | 2567 | Both | Local | Nov–Dec 1999 | Overall | Shahraki et al., 2001* |
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 131 | ‒ | ‒ | 33 | ‒ | ‒ | 25.2 | ‒ | 12 | 918 | Girls | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 381 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 4.9 | ‒ | ‒ | 1650 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Farzinnia et al., 2004* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 262 | ‒ | ‒ | 30 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.5 | 18 | 1195 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Davari, Yaghmaei, 2005* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 259 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.0 | 50 | 1200 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 97 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.2 | 12 | Local | ‒ | Overall | Nazari et al., 2006* | ||
Amlash | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | 1003 | ‒ | ‒ | 85 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.5 | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006* |
Zabol | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 201 | ‒ | ‒ | 88 | ‒ | ‒ | 43.8 | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | Girls | Local | 2003 | Randomly | Zareban et al., 2006* |
Qeshm | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 27.3 | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani-Ahmadi, 2007* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 103 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.6 | ‒ | ‒ | 600 | Girls | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 282 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.35 | 198 | 40586 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali-Emami et al., 2008* |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 180 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.56 | 18 | 900 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2008 | Randomly | Moradi et al., 2009* |
Khajeh | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 99 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.0 | 20 | 500 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Shayeghi et al., 2010* |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 376 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.5 | 35 | 2040 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 26.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Local | 2010 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2012* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 201 | ‒ | ‒ | 10 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.0 | ‒ | 27 | 810 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012* |
Robat Karim | Tehran | ‒ | 10000 | ‒ | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.2 | ‒ | ‒ | 10000 | Girls | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Afshari et al., 2013* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | ‒ | 17.7 | ‒ | 45 | 900 | Girls | Local | 2011 | Overall | Noroozi et al., 2013* |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | ‒ | 92 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.1 | ‒ | 6 | 385 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 144 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.7 | ‒ | 25 | 750 | Girls | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013* |
Aran va Bidgol | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 742 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.4 | 19 | 3589 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2008 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014a* |
Kashan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 486 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.0 | 23 | 624 | Both | Local | Nov 2012–May 2013 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014b* |
Damghan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 30 | ‒ | ‒ | 30.9 | ‒ | ‒ | 2700 | Girls | Local | 2008 | Overall | Mohammadi Azni, 2014* |
Azadshahr | Golestan | ‒ | 229 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.3 | ‒ | ‒ | 1510 | Girls | Local | 2012–2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 890 | ‒ | ‒ | 19 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.1 | ‒ | 4712 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b* |
Abadan | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 104 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.7 | 26 | 104 | Both | Local | 2012 | Randomly | Salehi et al., 2014* |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 65 | ‒ | ‒ | 16 | ‒ | ‒ | 24.6 | 4 | 384 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014* |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 641 | ‒ | ‒ | 20 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.1 | ‒ | ‒ | 3757 | Girls | Local | 2013–2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015* |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | ‒ | ‒ | 2098 | ‒ | ‒ | 41 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.0 | ‒ | 2744 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016* |
Galugah | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 68 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.4 | 16 | 300 | Both | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016* |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.7 | 10 | 750 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016* |
Kalaleh | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | 167 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.0 | 4 | 3757 | Girls | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 105 | ‒ | ‒ | 22 | ‒ | ‒ | 21.0 | ‒ | 5 | 485 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016* |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | 55 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 39.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 358 | Girls | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei-Dehkordi et al., 2017* |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | ‒ | 57 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 71.9 | ‒ | ‒ | 300 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani-Ahmadi et al., 2017* |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | 108 | 11 | 0.55 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018* | ||||||
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 321 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.0 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018* |
Meybod | Yazd | ‒ | 53 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.4 | ‒ | 4 | 402 | Girls | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018* |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 5099 | ‒ | ‒ | 399 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.8 | 280 | 28410 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 346 | ‒ | ‒ | 61 | ‒ | ‒ | 17.6 | ‒ | 75 | 1725 | Girls | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018* |
Sabzevar | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 188 | ‒ | ‒ | 21 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.2 | ‒ | 1200 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Tarkhasi et al., 2018* |
Badrud | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 246 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.87 | ‒ | 1595 | Both | Local | 2017–2018 | Overall | Dehghani et al., 2019* |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | ‒ | 254 | ‒ | ‒ | 57 | ‒ | ‒ | 22.4 | ‒ | ‒ | 1466 | Girls | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | 443 | ‒ | ‒ | 47 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.6 | ‒ | ‒ | 3062 | Girls | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019 |
Karun | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 131 | ‒ | ‒ | 26 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.8 | ‒ | 751 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b* |
Birjand | South Khorasan | ‒ | 1549 | ‒ | ‒ | 197 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.7 | ‒ | 19 | 2417 | Girls | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Lashkari et al., 2020* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | 1127 | ‒ | ‒ | 24 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.1 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 977 | ‒ | ‒ | 202 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.7 | ‒ | 5930 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021* |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 883 | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.2 | 33 | 3032 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021* |
Gilan-e Gharb | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 337 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.5 | ‒ | 2515 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 65 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.2 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Gahavand | Hamadan | ‒ | 94 | ‒ | ‒ | 16 | ‒ | ‒ | 17.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 499 | Girls | Local | 2020 | Overall | Hajiloie et al., 2022* |
Marivan | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 59 | ‒ | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.3 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 91 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.7 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
12 years | |||||||||||||||||
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 61 | ‒ | ‒ | 27 | ‒ | ‒ | 44.3 | ‒ | 12 | 918 | Girls | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 86 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.8 | 50 | 1200 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005* |
Amlash | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | 21 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.5 | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 66 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.7 | ‒ | ‒ | 600 | Girls | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007* |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 826 | ‒ | ‒ | 29 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.5 | 35 | 2040 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012* |
Robat Karim | Tehran | ‒ | 10000 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 10000 | Girls | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Afshari et al., 2013* |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | ‒ | 77 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.4 | ‒ | 6 | 385 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 176 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.5 | ‒ | 25 | 750 | Girls | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013* |
Azadshahr | Golestan | ‒ | 246 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 1510 | Girls | Local | 2012–2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 902 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.7 | ‒ | 4712 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b* |
Abadan | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 104 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.8 | 26 | 104 | Both | Local | 2012 | Randomly | Salehi et al., 2014* |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 639 | ‒ | ‒ | 16 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.5 | ‒ | ‒ | 3757 | Girls | Local | 2013–2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015* |
Kalaleh | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | 167 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.0 | 4 | 3757 | Girls | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016* |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | 45 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 36.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 358 | Girls | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei-Dehkordi et al., 2017* |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | ‒ | 47 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 68.1 | ‒ | ‒ | 300 | Girls | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani-Ahmadi et al., 2017* |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 126 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.66 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018* |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 320 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.4 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018* |
Meybod | Yazd | ‒ | 62 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.9 | ‒ | 4 | 402 | Girls | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018* |
Sabzevar | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 187 | ‒ | ‒ | 19 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.2 | ‒ | 1200 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Tarkhasi et al., 2018* |
Badrud | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 237 | ‒ | ‒ | 10 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.62 | ‒ | 1595 | Both | Local | 2017–2018 | Overall | Dehghani et al., 2019* |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | ‒ | 240 | ‒ | ‒ | 49 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.4 | ‒ | ‒ | 1466 | Girls | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | 580 | ‒ | ‒ | 64 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 3062 | Girls | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019* |
Birjand | South Khorasan | ‒ | 451 | ‒ | ‒ | 70 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.5 | ‒ | 19 | 2417 | Girls | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Lashkari et al., 2020* |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | 265 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.7 | 8 | 767 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | 1168 | ‒ | ‒ | 25 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.1 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 883 | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.2 | 33 | 3032 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021* |
Gilan-e Gharb | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 420 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.0 | ‒ | 2515 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 40 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.0 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Gahavand | Hamadan | ‒ | 72 | ‒ | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.7 | ‒ | ‒ | 499 | Girls | Local | 2020 | Overall | Hajiloie et al., 2022* |
Marivan | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 108 | ‒ | ‒ | 25 | ‒ | ‒ | 23.1 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 45 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.7 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
Notes. E – examined, I – infested. * Cited in Nasirian, Ahmadi, 2024.
Table 3. Pediculus capitis infestation in the community, based on a literature search
Counties | Provinces | E | I | I (%) | Sampling | References | ||||||||||
Males | Females | Both | Males | Females | Both | Males | Females | Both | Target | Gender | Location | Date | Selection | |||
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 1680 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 18.7 | 39.8 | 31.6 | Afghan immigrants | Both | Local | Oct–Nom 1998 | Overall | Rahnama, Kamyabi, 2001* |
Across | Iran | 5591 | 7615 | 13206 | 3 | 755 | 758 | 0.05 | 9.9 | 5.7 | Secondary schools | Both | Across | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 1074 | ‒ | ‒ | 69 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.4 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Birjand | South Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 938 | ‒ | ‒ | 57 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.1 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Zanjan | Zanjan | ‒ | ‒ | 481 | ‒ | ‒ | 24 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.0 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | ‒ | ‒ | 45 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.2 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Ardabil | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 506 | ‒ | ‒ | 36 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.1 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Shahrekord | Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari | ‒ | ‒ | 1298 | ‒ | ‒ | 69 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.3 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | 662 | ‒ | ‒ | 31 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.7 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | 774 | ‒ | ‒ | 33 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.3 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Arak | Markazi | ‒ | ‒ | 551 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.5 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 701 | ‒ | ‒ | 37 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.3 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Bushehr | Bushehr | ‒ | ‒ | 858 | ‒ | ‒ | 61 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.1 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Bandar Abbas | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | 597 | ‒ | ‒ | 63 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.6 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Bojnurd | North Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 239 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.3 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Isfahan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 590 | ‒ | ‒ | 29 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.9 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Yazd | Yazd | ‒ | ‒ | 888 | ‒ | ‒ | 35 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.9 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Ilam | Ilam | ‒ | ‒ | 407 | ‒ | ‒ | 27 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.6 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 503 | ‒ | ‒ | 23 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.6 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 511 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.7 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Zahedan | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | ‒ | 804 | ‒ | ‒ | 89 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.1 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | 526 | ‒ | ‒ | 17 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.2 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Tehran | Tehran | ‒ | ‒ | 253 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.5 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Jul–Sep 2005 | Overall | Mozafari Kermani et al., 2008* |
Across | Iran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 866 | 12471 | 13337 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 6.2 | Student community | Both | Across | 2005 | Overall | Amirkhani et al., 2011* |
Bahar | Hamadan | 9346 | 8376 | 17722 | 23 | 1194 | 1217 | 0.25 | 14.3 | 6.9 | Student community | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2011 | Overall | Moradi et al., 2012* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 55997 | 34 | 367 | 401 | 8.5 | 91.5 | 0.72 | Student community | Both | Local | Mar 2006–Feb 2010 | Overall | Ramezani Awal Riabi, Atarodi, 2012* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | 6350 | 4491 | 10841 | 7 | 107 | 114 | 0.11 | 2.4 | 1.1 | Secondary schools | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Omidi et al., 2013* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 140 | 951 | 1091 | 12.8 | 87.2 | ‒ | Health centers | Both | Local | 2006–2009 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2015* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | 384 | ‒ | ‒ | 20 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.2 | ‒ | ‒ | Central prison | Males | Local | Oct–Mar 2013 | Randomly | Nazari et al., 2015* |
Asadabad | Hamadan | 8726 | 7712 | 16438 | 110 | 718 | 828 | 1.3 | 9.3 | 5.0 | Student community | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Overall | Nazari et al., 2016b* |
Zahedan | Sistan and Baluchestan | 200 | 300 | 500 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.0 | 6.7 | 4.8 | High schools | Both | Local | 2013–2015 | Randomly | Raeisi et al., 2016* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 405 | 3362 | 3767 | 10.8 | 89.2 | ‒ | Community | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2017 | Overall | Jarahi et al., 2017* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 36 | 405 | 441 | 8.2 | ‒ | 8.1 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2008 | Overall | Kassiri, Mardani Kateki, 2018* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 41 | 562 | 603 | 6.8 | ‒ | 11.1 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2009 | Overall | Kassiri, Mardani Kateki, 2018* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 78 | 704 | 782 | 10.0 | ‒ | 14.4 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2010 | Overall | Kassiri, Mardani Kateki, 2018* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 45 | 803 | 848 | 5.3 | ‒ | 15.6 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2011 | Overall | Kassiri, Mardani Kateki, 2018* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 81 | 1187 | 1268 | 6.4 | ‒ | 23.3 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2012 | Overall | Kassiri, Mardani Kateki, 2018* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 23 | 1481 | 1504 | 1.5 | ‒ | 27.6 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2013 | Overall | Kassiri, Mardani Kateki, 2018* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 304 | 5142 | 5446 | 5.6 | ‒ | 16.7 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2008–2013 | Overall | Kassiri, Mardani Kateki, 2018* |
Bojnurd | North Khorasan | 365 | 472 | 867 | 7 | 21 | 28 | 1.8 | 4.4 | 3.2 | Kormanj tribes | Both | Local | 2016 | Randomly | Firoozfar et al., 2019* |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | 226 | 46 | 20.4 | Adolescents | Both | Local | Sep–Oct 2017 | Randomly | Babazadeh et al., 2020* | ||||||
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 2590039 | ‒ | ‒ | 17981 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.9 | Community | Both | Local | 2012 | Overall | Habibi et al., 2020* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 2617250 | ‒ | ‒ | 20014 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.6 | Community | Both | Local | 2013 | Overall | Habibi et al., 2020* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 2644192 | ‒ | ‒ | 23859 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.0 | Community | Both | Local | 2014 | Overall | Habibi et al., 2020* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 2678183 | ‒ | ‒ | 42988 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.1 | Community | Both | Local | 2015 | Overall | Habibi et al., 2020* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 2720672 | ‒ | ‒ | 37783 | ‒ | ‒ | 13.9 | Community | Both | Local | 2016 | Overall | Habibi et al., 2020* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 2527365 | ‒ | ‒ | 38997 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.4 | Community | Both | Local | 2017 | Overall | Habibi et al., 2020* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 2483370 | ‒ | ‒ | 37297 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.0 | Community | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Habibi et al., 2020* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 2505194 | ‒ | ‒ | 24568 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.8 | Community | Both | Local | 2019 | Overall | Habibi et al., 2020* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | 2020 | Overall | Habibi et al., 2020* | ||
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 20766265 | ‒ | ‒ | 243487 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.7 | Community | Both | Local | 2012–2020 | Overall | Habibi et al., 2020* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 31765 | 54635 | 86400 | 19 | 543 | 562 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 0.65 | Student community | Both | Local | 2008 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 20351 | 43267 | 63618 | 21 | 730 | 751 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 1.2 | Student community | Both | Local | 2009 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 30316 | 44785 | 75101 | 3 | 660 | 663 | 0.01 | 1.5 | 0.88 | Student community | Both | Local | 2010 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 34720 | 43826 | 78546 | 33 | 460 | 493 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.63 | Student community | Both | Local | 2011 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 24876 | 65563 | 90439 | 47 | 1553 | 1600 | 0.19 | 2.4 | 1.8 | Student community | Both | Local | 2012 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 17368 | 49321 | 66689 | 37 | 1624 | 1661 | 0.21 | 3.3 | 2.5 | Student community | Both | Local | 2013 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 159234 | 303197 | 462431 | 160 | 5570 | 5730 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 1.2 | Student community | Both | Local | 2008–2013 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 59 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.3 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2011 | Overall | Rezaee et al., 2020* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 42 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.6 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2012 | Overall | Rezaee et al., 2020* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 88 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.5 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2013 | Overall | Rezaee et al., 2020* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 247 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.7 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2014 | Overall | Rezaee et al., 2020* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 364 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.3 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2015 | Overall | Rezaee et al., 2020* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 388 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.2 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2016 | Overall | Rezaee et al., 2020* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 409 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.1 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2017 | Overall | Rezaee et al., 2020* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 950 | ‒ | ‒ | 37.3 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Rezaee et al., 2020* |
Shiraz | Fars | 28836 | 37574 | 66410 | 152 | 2395 | 2547 | 0.53 | 6.4 | 3.8 | Health centers | Both | Local | 2011–2018 | Overall | Rezaee et al., 2020* |
Notes. E ‒ examined, I ‒ infested. *Cited in Nasirian, Ahmadi, 2024.
Table 4. Pediculus capitis infestation in the age groups of the community, based on a literature search
Counties | Provinces | E | I | I (%) | Sampling | References | |||||||||||
Males | Females | Both | Males | Females | Both | Males | Females | Both | Target | Gender | Age (years) | Location | Date | Selection | |||
Sirjan | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 22 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.1 | Afghani children | Both | < 5 | Local | 2010–2011 | Overall | Yousefi et al., 2012* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 10.5 | ‒ | Health centers | Females | < 6 | Local | 2007 | Overall | Kasiri, Amani, 2010* |
Across | Iran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 351 | 4389 | 4740 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.2 | Kindergarten | Both | < 6 | Across | 2005 | Overall | Amirkhani et al., 2011* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 1091 | ‒ | ‒ | 70 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.4 | Health centers | Both | < 6 | Local | 2006–2009 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2015* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 575 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.5 | Community | Both | < 6 | Local | Oct–Dec 2017 | Overall | Jarahi et al., 2017* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | 120 | 128 | 0.25 | 3.8 | 4.1 | Community | Both | < 6 | Local | 2012–2015 | Overall | Soltani, Keshavarzi, 2018 |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | 4602 | ‒ | ‒ | 120 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.6 | Health centers | Both | < 6 | Local | 2011–2018 | Overall | Rezaee et al., 2020* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 375 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.9 | Health centers | Both | 1–2 | Local | 2008–2013 | Overall | Kassiri, Mardani Kateki, 2018* |
Sirjan | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 39 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 17.9 | Afghani children | Both | 5–8 | Local | 2010–2011 | Overall | Yousefi et al., 2012* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 62.1 | ‒ | Health centers | Females | 6–10 | Local | 2007 | Overall | Kasiri, Amani, 2010* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 1091 | ‒ | ‒ | 504 | ‒ | ‒ | 46.2 | Health centers | Both | 6–10 | Local | 2006–2009 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2015* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2242 | ‒ | ‒ | 41.2 | Health centers | Both | 6–10 | Local | 2008–2013 | Overall | Kassiri, Mardani Kateki, 2018* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1787 | ‒ | ‒ | 56.9 | ‒ | Community | Females | 6–10 | Local | 2012–2015 | Overall | Soltani, Keshavarzi, 2018* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | 34594 | ‒ | ‒ | 1935 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.6 | Health centers | Both | 6–10 | Local | 2011–2018 | Overall | Rezaee et al., 2020* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1810 | ‒ | ‒ | 48.7 | Community | Both | 7–12 | Local | Oct–Dec 2017 | Overall | Jarahi et al., 2017* |
Sirjan | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 22 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.1 | Afghanian children | Both | 9–12 | Local | 2010–2011 | Overall | Yousefi et al., 2012* |
Sirjan | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 41.7 | Afghanian children | Both | > 13 | Local | 2010–2011 | Overall | Yousefi et al., 2012* |
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 37.5 | ‒ | Primary schools | Females | 13 | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003* |
Robat Karim | Tehran | ‒ | 10000 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.0 | ‒ | Primary schools | Females | 13 | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Afshari et al., 2013* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 24.2 | ‒ | Health centers | Females | 11–17 | Local | 2007 | Overall | Kasiri, Amani, 2010* |
Across | Iran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3765 | 59372 | 63137 | 26.3 | 29.8 | 29.6 | Student community | Both | 11–17 | Across | 2005 | Overall | Amirkhani et al., 2011* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 1091 | ‒ | ‒ | 356 | ‒ | ‒ | 32.6 | Health centers | Females | 11–17 | Local | 2006–2009 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2015* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1802 | ‒ | ‒ | 33.0 | Health centers | Females | 11–17 | Local | 2008–2013 | Overall | Kassiri, Mardani Kateki, 2018* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 147 | 753 | 900 | 4.7 | 24.0 | 28.7 | Community | Females | 11–17 | Local | 2012–2015 | Overall | Soltani, Keshavarzi, 2018* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | 24863 | ‒ | ‒ | 281 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.1 | Health centers | Females | 11–17 | Local | 2011–2018 | Overall | Rezaee et al., 2020* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 502 | ‒ | ‒ | 13.5 | Community | Both | 12–18 | Local | Oct–Dec 2017 | Overall | Jarahi et al., 2017* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.2 | ‒ | Health centers | Females | > 17 | Local | 2007 | Overall | Kasiri, Amani, 2010* |
Across | Iran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 866 | 12471 | 13337 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 6.2 | Student community | Both | > 17 | Across | 2005 | Overall | Amirkhani et al., 2011* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 62 | 261 | 323 | 2.0 | 8.3 | 10.3 | Community | Both | > 17 | Local | 2012–2015 | Overall | Soltani, Keshavarzi, 2018* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | 2351 | ‒ | ‒ | 211 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.0 | Health centers | Both | > 17 | Local | 2011–2018 | Overall | Rezaee et al., 2020* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 1091 | ‒ | ‒ | 1611 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.8 | Health centers | Both | ≥ 18 | Local | 2006–2009 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2015* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1027 | ‒ | ‒ | 18.9 | Health centers | Both | ≥ 18 | Local | 2008–2013 | Overall | Kassiri, Mardani Kateki, 2018* |
Karaj | Alborz | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.0 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Ardabil | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.81 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.1 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.3 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Bushehr | Bushehr | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.2 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Shahrekord | Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.21 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.34 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Rasht | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Gorgan | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 9.8 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.54 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Bandar Abbas | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 6.4 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Ilam | Ilam | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.03 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Isfahan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.04 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.5 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Kermanshah | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.47 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Bojnurd | North Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Birjand | South Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.92 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.1 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.43 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.5 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.05 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Arak | Markazi | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.6 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.4 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Qazvin | Qazvin | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.0 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.5 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.7 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Zahedan | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.1 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Tehran | Tehran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.2 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Yazd | Yazd | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.41 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Zanjan | Zanjan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.92 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2014–2015 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Karaj | Alborz | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Ardabil | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 11.3 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.7 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.4 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Bushehr | Bushehr | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.4 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Shahrekord | Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.35 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.7 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Rasht | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.3 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Gorgan | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 5.1 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.23 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Bandar Abbas | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 4.0 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Ilam | Ilam | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.69 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Isfahan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.0 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Kermanshah | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.62 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Bojnurd | North Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.3 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.5 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Birjand | South Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.63 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.1 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 7.8 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.5 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.7 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Arak | Markazi | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.5 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.3 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Qazvin | Qazvin | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.4 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.9 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Zahedan | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 7.0 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Tehran | Tehran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.6 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Yazd | Yazd | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.36 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Zanjan | Zanjan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2015–2016 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Karaj | Alborz | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.7 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Ardabil | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 10.6 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 4.3 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 9.1 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Bushehr | Bushehr | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.9 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Shahrekord | Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.24 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.85 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Rasht | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.9 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Gorgan | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 5.6 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.5 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Bandar Abbas | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 4.1 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Ilam | Ilam | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.55 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Isfahan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.86 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.4 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Kermanshah | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.3 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Bojnurd | North Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.1 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 4.0 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Birjand | South Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.7 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 5.2 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.7 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.22 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.5 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Arak | Markazi | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.84 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.7 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Qazvin | Qazvin | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.2 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.8 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Zahedan | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 4.3 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Tehran | Tehran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.7 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Yazd | Yazd | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.3 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Zanjan | Zanjan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.61 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Karaj | Alborz | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.8 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Ardabil | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 6.1 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 6.7 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.8 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Bushehr | Bushehr | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.8 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Shahrekord | Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.59 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.5 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Rasht | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.1 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Gorgan | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 5.9 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.3 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Bandar Abbas | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 4.8 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Ilam | Ilam | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.0 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Isfahan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.95 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.2 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Kermanshah | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Bojnurd | North Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 5.4 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 5.2 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Birjand | South Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.6 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 7.9 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.0 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.24 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.1 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Arak | Markazi | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.8 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Qazvin | Qazvin | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.3 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.4 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 5.2 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Zahedan | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.6 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Tehran | Tehran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 7.8 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Yazd | Yazd | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Zanjan | Zanjan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.58 | Student community | Both | 6–18 | Local | 2016–2017 | Overall | Ziaoddini et al., 2019* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | 130 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.4 | ‒ | ‒ | Central prison | Males | 21–29 | Local | Oct–Mar 2013 | Randomly | Nazari et al., 2015* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 305 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.2 | Community | Both | 18–30 | Local | Oct–Dec 2017 | Overall | Jarahi et al., 2017* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | 135 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.9 | ‒ | ‒ | Central prison | Males | 30–39 | Local | Oct–Mar 2013 | Randomly | Nazari et al., 2015* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 518 | ‒ | ‒ | 13.9 | Community | Both | 30–60 | Local | Oct–Dec 2017 | Overall | Jarahi et al., 2017* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | 116 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.3 | ‒ | ‒ | Central prison | Males | ≥ 40 | Local | Oct–Mar 2013 | Randomly | Nazari et al., 2015* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 9 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.2 | Community | Both | > 60 | Local | Oct–Dec 2017 | Overall | Jarahi et al., 2017* |
Notes. E ‒ examined, I ‒ infested. *Cited in Nasirian, Ahmadi, 2024.
Table 5. The impact of family size on P. capitis infestation levels in primary school students, based on a literature search
Counties | Provinces | FS (IN) | Sampling | References | |||||||||||||||||||
E | I | I (%) | Schools | Students | Gender | Location | Date | Selection | |||||||||||||||
Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | Ⅵ | ≥ 7 | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | Ⅵ | ≥ 7 | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | Ⅴ | Ⅵ | ≥ 7 | |||||||||
Ilam | Ilam | 149 | 149 | 149 | 412 | 412 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 22 | 22 | 22.6 | 22.6 | 22.6 | 62.6 | 62.6 | 6 | 658 | Both | Local | Mar 97–Apr 98 | Randomly | Gholamiparizad, Abedzadah, 2001** |
Kerman | Kerman | 690 | 690 | 480 | 480 | 30 | 18 | 18 | 23 | 23 | 4 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 13.3 | 50 | 1200 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005** |
Amlash | Gilan | 379 | 1425 | 967 | 610 | 820 | 12 | 52 | 82 | 78 | 167 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 8.5 | 12.8 | 20.4 | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006** |
Kerman | Kerman | 15913 | 15913 | 20602 | 20602 | 4071 | 109 | 109 | 469 | 469 | 143 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 198 | 40586 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | MotovaliEmami et al., 2008** |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | 218 | 218 | 122 | 122 | 45 | 31 | 31 | 17 | 17 | 13 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 28.9 | 6 | 385 | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013** |
Azadshahr | Golestan | 226 | 260 | 192 | 265 | 285 | 1 | 25 | 18 | 4 | 5 | 0.44 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 1.5 | 1.8 | ‒ | 1510 | Females | Local | 2012–2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a** |
Sari | Mazandaran | 1017 | 2543 | 881 | 169 | 34 | 20 | 38 | 15 | 3 | 1 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.9 | ‒ | 4712 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b** |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | 221 | 221 | 129 | 129 | 34 | 29 | 29 | 17 | 17 | 8 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 23.5 | 4 | 384 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014** |
Galugah | Mazandaran | 62 | 143 | 65 | 30 | 30 | 4 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 3.1 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 16 | 300 | Both | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016** |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.0 | 6.7 | 9.4 | 10.0 | 10 | 750 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016** |
Kalaleh | Golestan | 189 | 180 | 126 | 126 | 126 | 9 | 9 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 4 | 541 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016** |
Asadabad | Hamadan | 553 | 47 | 47 | ‒ | ‒ | 10 | 4 | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | 8.5 | 8.5 | ‒ | ‒ | 16 | 600 | Both | Local | 2013–2014 | Randomly | Nazari et al., 2016a** |
Sirik | Hormozgan | 25 | 176 | 176 | 91 | 66 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 56.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 57.1 | 71.2 | ‒ | 358 | Females | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei-Dehkordi et al., 2017 ** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | 1266 | 1266 | 545 | 545 | 139 | 56 | 56 | 111 | 111 | 33 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 1.7 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018 ** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | 1266 | 1266 | 545 | 545 | 139 | 56 | 56 | 111 | 111 | 33 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 20.4 | 20.4 | 23.7 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018 ** |
Meybod | Yazd | 251 | 251 | 151 | 151 | 151 | 35 | 35 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 15.9 | 15.9 | 15.9 | 4 | 402 | Females | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018 ** |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | 4102 | 9110 | 7043 | 8155 | 8155 | 331 | 966 | 723 | 975 | 975 | 8.1 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 280 | 28410 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018 ** |
Qom | Qom | 201 | 505 | 741 | 278 | 278 | 24 | 63 | 93 | 49 | 49 | 11.9 | 12.5 | 12.6 | 17.6 | 17.6 | 75 | 1725 | Females | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018 ** |
Badrud | Isfahan | 307 | 469 | 819 | ‒ | ‒ | 20 | 39 | 66 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.3 | 2.4 | 4.1 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1595 | Both | Local | 2017–2018 | Overall | Dehghani et al., 2019 ** |
Tonekabon | Rasht | 381 | 823 | 191 | 34 | 24 | 56 | 158 | 59 | 9 | 8 | 14.7 | 19.2 | 30.9 | 26.5 | 33.3 | ‒ | 1466 | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019 ** |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | 349 | 1306 | 852 | 324 | 206 | 63 | 174 | 101 | 46 | 27 | 18.1 | 13.3 | 11.9 | 14.2 | 13.1 | ‒ | 3062 | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019 ** |
Karun | Khuzestan | 80 | 257 | 222 | 101 | 91 | 26 | 67 | 54 | 41 | 29 | 32.5 | 26.1 | 24.3 | 40.6 | 31.9 | ‒ | 751 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b ** |
Semnan | Semnan | 557 | 557 | 148 | 62 | 62 | 32 | 32 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 3.4 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 8 | 767 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020 ** |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 653 | 2148 | 1839 | 773 | 422 | 139 | 509 | 501 | 247 | 126 | 21.3 | 23.7 | 27.2 | 32.0 | 29.9 | ‒ | 5930 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021 ** |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | 1464 | 1350 | 182 | ‒ | ‒ | 43 | 69 | 17 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.9 | 5.1 | 9.3 | ‒ | ‒ | 33 | 3032 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021 ** |
Gilan-e Gharb | Kermanshah | 599 | 1341 | 472 | 103 | 103 | 4 | 16 | 26 | 18 | 18 | 0.67 | 1.2 | 5.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | ‒ | 2515 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021 ** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | 94 | 163 | 90 | 11 | 3 | 6 | 11 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 7.8 | 18.2 | 0 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Marivan | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 367 | 78 | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 82 | 25 | 0 | ‒ | ‒ | 22.3 | 32.1 | 0 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Notes. E ‒ examined, FS ‒ family size, I ‒ infested, IN ‒ individuals. **Cited in Nasirian, 2023b.
Table 6. The impact of father’s and mother’s education and bathing and hair washing frequency on P. capitis infestation level in primary school students, based on a literature search
Counties | Provinces | E | I | I (%) | Sampling | References | ||||||||||||||
IL | PS | SS | UE | IL | PS | SS | UE | IL | PS | SE | UE | Schools | Students | Gender | Location | Date | Selection | |||
Fatherʼs education level | ||||||||||||||||||||
Kashan | Isfahan | 279 | 279 | 1707 | ‒ | 11 | 11 | 6 | ‒ | 3.9 | 3.9 | 0.35 | ‒ | 8 | 1986 | Males | Local | 1997 | Randomly | Dehghani et al., 1999** |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 65 | 56 | 77 | 17 | 30.2 | 26.0 | 17.9 | 7.9 | 58 | 10991 | Both | Local | 1997–1998 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 1999** |
Ilam | Ilam | 247 | 206 | 182 | 23 | 24 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 10.1 | 4.6 | 1.6 | 0 | 6 | 658 | Both | Local | Mar 97–Apr 98 | Randomly | Gholamiparizad, Abedzadah, 2001** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | 394 | 460 | 162 | 179 | 117 | 94 | 17 | 7 | 29.6 | 20.4 | 10.4 | 3.9 | 18 | 1195 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Davari, Yaghmaei, 2005** |
Kerman | Kerman | 105 | 324 | 540 | 165 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 0 | 11.4 | 4.3 | 3.0 | 0 | 50 | 1200 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005** |
Rasht | Gilan | 423 | 680 | 1352 | 294 | 35 | 36 | 52 | 6 | 8.3 | 5.3 | 3.8 | 2.0 | ‒ | 2893 | Both | Local | 2002–2003 | Randomly | Pourbaba et al., 2005** |
Amlash | Gilan | 991 | 2353 | 851 | 851 | 254 | 119 | 13 | 13 | 25.6 | 5.1 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | 84 | 194 | 243 | 59 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 3 | 10.7 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 5.1 | ‒ | 600 | Females | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007** |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | 10949 | 20915 | 7901 | ‒ | 254 | 275 | 180 | ‒ | 2.3 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 198 | 40586 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali-Emami et al., 2008** |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | 482 | 282 | 136 | ‒ | 10 | 2 | 0 | ‒ | 2.1 | 0.71 | 0 | 18 | 900 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2008 | Randomly | Moradi et al., 2009** |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 90 | 168 | 412 | 140 | 20 | 17 | 43 | 9 | 22.2 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 6.4 | ‒ | 810 | Females | Local | Apr–Jun 2006 | Randomly | Rafie et al., 2009** |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 653 | 492 | 72 | ‒ | 53.7 | 20.2 | 5.9 | ‒ | 17722 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2011 | Overall | Moradi et al., 2012** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | 110 | 406 | 294 | 294 | 7 | 26 | 5 | 5 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 27 | 810 | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012** |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | 45 | 128 | 150 | 62 | 10 | 23 | 20 | 8 | 22.2 | 18.0 | 13.3 | 12.9 | 6 | 385 | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | 97 | 366 | 287 | 287 | 16 | 28 | 16 | 16 | 16.5 | 7.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 25 | 750 | Females | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013** |
Aran va Bidgol | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 19 | 3589 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2008 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014a** |
Sari | Mazandaran | 136 | 3356 | 1220 | 1220 | 4 | 60 | 14 | 14 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 1.1 | ‒ | 4712 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b** |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | 44 | 124 | 162 | 54 | 9 | 24 | 16 | 5 | 20.5 | 19.4 | 9.9 | 9.3 | 4 | 384 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014** |
Sarab | East Azerbaijan | 25 | 356 | 187 | 93 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 12.0 | 7.9 | 3.2 | 0 | 40 | 661 | Both | Local | Aug 2013–Mar 2014 | Randomly | Dehghanzadeh et al., 2015** |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | 96 | 2686 | 973 | 973 | 9 | 87 | 10 | 10 | 9.4 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ‒ | 3757 | Females | Local | 2013–2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015** |
Bojnurd | North Khorasan | 76 | 333 | 699 | 345 | 9 | 44 | 47 | 9 | 11.8 | 13.2 | 6.7 | 2.6 | 75 | 1475 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2013 | Randomly | Rajabzade et al., 2015** |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | ‒ | 238 | 238 | 238 | ‒ | 175 | 45 | 18 | ‒ | 73.5 | 19.0 | 7.5 | ‒ | 12782 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016** |
Kalaleh | Golestan | 94 | 234 | 119 | 94 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 9.6 | 4.3 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 4 | 541 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | 62 | 153 | 189 | 81 | 18 | 31 | 30 | 6 | 29.0 | 20.3 | 15.9 | 7.4 | 5 | 485 | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016** |
Sirik | Hormozgan | 59 | 128 | 121 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 82.4 | 58.7 | 21.0 | ‒ | ‒ | 358 | Females | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei-Dehkordi et al., 2017** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | 869 | 733 | 348 | ‒ | 146 | 42 | 12 | ‒ | 7.5 | 2.1 | 0.62 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | 869 | 733 | 348 | ‒ | 146 | 42 | 12 | ‒ | 16.8 | 5.7 | 3.4 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018** |
Meybod | Yazd | 99 | 99 | 210 | 93 | 24 | 24 | 28 | 7 | 24.2 | 24.2 | 13.3 | 7.5 | 4 | 402 | Females | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018** |
Qom | Qom | 172 | 906 | ‒ | 647 | 44 | 140 | ‒ | 45 | 25.6 | 15.5 | ‒ | 7.0 | 75 | 1725 | Females | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018** |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | 15 | 253 | 435 | 761 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 33.3 | 35.2 | 19.8 | 14.6 | ‒ | 1466 | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019** |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | 287 | 1871 | 744 | 160 | 48 | 273 | 79 | 17 | 16.7 | 14.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | ‒ | 2645 | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019** |
Karun | Khuzestan | 131 | 334 | 186 | 88 | 39 | 118 | 41 | 18 | 29.8 | 35.3 | 22.0 | 20.5 | ‒ | 751 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b** |
Birjand | South Khorasan | 107 | 486 | 1114 | 685 | 23 | 72 | 170 | 62 | 21.5 | 14.8 | 15.3 | 9.1 | 19 | 2417 | Females | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Lashkari et al., 2020** |
Semnan | Semnan | 69 | 63 | 245 | 390 | 11 | 5 | 12 | 12 | 15.9 | 7.9 | 4.9 | 3.1 | 8 | 767 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020** |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | 233 | 1282 | 1238 | ‒ | 14 | 68 | 40 | ‒ | 6.0 | 5.3 | 3.2 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 2356 | 1577 | 1311 | 480 | 769 | 336 | 254 | 143 | 32.6 | 21.3 | 19.4 | 29.8 | ‒ | 5930 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021** |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 42 | 1857 | 1133 | ‒ | 2 | 74 | 54 | ‒ | 4.8 | 4.0 | 4.8 | 33 | 3032 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021** |
Gilan-e Gharb | Kermanshah | 193 | 410 | 1169 | 743 | 20 | 17 | 23 | 5 | 10.4 | 4.1 | 2.0 | 0.67 | ‒ | 2515 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | 4 | 29 | 216 | 112 | 1 | 2 | 17 | 6 | 25.0 | 6.9 | 7.9 | 5.4 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Gahavand | Hamadan | ‒ | 88 | 301 | 110 | ‒ | 23 | 53 | 13 | ‒ | 26.1 | 17.6 | 11.8 | ‒ | 499 | Females | Local | 2020 | Overall | Hajiloie et al., 2022** |
Marivan | Kurdistan | 47 | 121 | 214 | 72 | 17 | 28 | 50 | 12 | 36.2 | 23.1 | 23.4 | 16.7 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | 10 | 87 | 387 | 16 | 1 | 8 | 31 | 1 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 8.0 | 6.3 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
Gotvand | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | 83 | 125 | 92 | 1.3 | 27.3 | 41.1 | 30.3 | ‒ | 304 | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Zahirnia et al., 2024 |
Motherʼs education level | ||||||||||||||||||||
Kashan | Isfahan | 332 | 332 | 1654 | 12 | 12 | 5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 0.3 | 8 | 1986 | Males | Local | 1997 | Randomly | Dehghani et al., 1999** | |||
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 82 | 43 | 71 | 19 | 38.1 | 20.0 | 16.5 | 8.8 | 58 | 10991 | Both | Local | 1997–1998 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 1999** |
Ilam | Ilam | 336 | 213 | 101 | 8 | 26 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 7.8 | 3.8 | 2.0 | 0 | 6 | 658 | Both | Local | Mar 97–Apr 98 | Randomly | Gholamiparizad, Abedzadah, 2001** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | 653 | 352 | 87 | 103 | 183 | 47 | 4 | 1 | 28.0 | 13.0 | 5.0 | 0.9 | 18 | 1195 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Davari, Yaghmaei, 2005** |
Kerman | Kerman | 126 | 345 | 573 | 106 | 9 | 23 | 9 | 0 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 1.6 | 0 | 50 | 1200 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005** |
Rasht | Gilan | 882 | 829 | 1004 | 140 | 70 | 23 | 33 | 3 | 7.9 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 2.1 | ‒ | 2893 | Both | Local | 2002–2003 | Randomly | Pourbaba et al., 2005** |
Amlash | Gilan | 1562 | 2102 | 558 | 558 | 300 | 85 | 3 | 3 | 19.2 | 4.0 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | 146 | 203 | 85 | 121 | 19 | 14 | 4 | 8 | 13.0 | 6.9 | 4.7 | 6.6 | ‒ | 600 | Females | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007** |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | 21159 | 15041 | 4129 | ‒ | 493 | 218 | 8 | ‒ | 2.3 | 1.4 | 0.19 | 198 | 40586 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali-Emami et al., 2008** |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | 741 | 146 | 13 | ‒ | 11 | 1 | 0 | ‒ | 1.5 | 0.68 | 0 | 18 | 900 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2008 | Randomly | Moradi et al., 2009** |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 156 | 227 | 331 | 86 | 34 | 25 | 22 | 8 | 21.8 | 11.0 | 6.6 | 9.3 | ‒ | 810 | Females | Local | Apr–Jun 2006 | Randomly | Rafie et al., 2009** |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 747 | 453 | 17 | ‒ | 61.4 | 37.2 | 1.4 | ‒ | 17722 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2011 | Overall | Moradi et al., 2012** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | 185 | 446 | 179 | 179 | 14 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 7.6 | 4.9 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 27 | 810 | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012** |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | 94 | 143 | 44 | 104 | 35 | 14 | 3 | 7 | 37.2 | 9.8 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6 | 385 | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | 167 | 417 | 166 | 166 | 23 | 31 | 6 | 6 | 13.8 | 7.4 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 25 | 750 | Females | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013** |
Aran va Bidgol | Isfahan | 388 | 1690 | 528 | 983 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.2 | 19 | 3589 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2008 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014a** |
Sari | Mazandaran | 237 | 3390 | 1085 | 1085 | 5 | 54 | 19 | 19 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.8 | ‒ | 4712 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b** |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | 84 | 153 | 125 | 22 | 20 | 24 | 9 | 1 | 23.8 | 15.7 | 7.2 | 4.5 | 4 | 384 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014** |
Sarab | East Azerbaijan | 55 | 364 | 180 | 62 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 21.8 | 6.0 | 1.7 | 0 | 40 | 661 | Both | Local | Aug 2013–Mar 2014 | Randomly | Dehghanzadeh et al., 2015** |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | 108 | 2774 | 875 | 875 | 16 | 78 | 12 | 12 | 14.8 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 1.4 | ‒ | 3757 | Females | Local | 2013–2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015** |
Bojnurd | North Khorasan | 168 | 398 | 614 | 295 | 29 | 43 | 35 | 7 | 17.3 | 10.8 | 5.7 | 2.4 | 75 | 1475 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2013 | Randomly | Rajabzade et al., 2015** |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | ‒ | 238 | 238 | 238 | ‒ | 190 | 35 | 13 | ‒ | 79.8 | 14.7 | 5.5 | ‒ | 12782 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016** |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.1 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 10 | 750 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016** |
Kalaleh | Golestan | 169 | 239 | 85 | 48 | 14 | 12 | 3 | 6 | 8.3 | 5.0 | 3.5 | 12.5 | 4 | 541 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | 102 | 191 | 157 | 35 | 31 | 35 | 15 | 4 | 30.4 | 18.3 | 9.6 | 11.4 | 5 | 485 | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016** |
Sirik | Hormozgan | 57 | 171 | 99 | 31 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 73.7 | 64.9 | 40.4 | 25.8 | ‒ | 358 | Females | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei-Dehkordi et al., 2017** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | 855 | 792 | 303 | ‒ | 162 | 28 | 10 | ‒ | 8.3 | 1.4 | 0.52 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018** |
Yazd | Yazd | ‒ | 237 | 169 | 237 | ‒ | 11 | 5 | 1 | ‒ | 4.6 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 30 | 650 | Both | Local | Oct–Mar 2013 | Randomly | Ebrahimzadeh Ardakani, Fayazi Bargin, 2018** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | 855 | 792 | 303 | ‒ | 162 | 28 | 10 | ‒ | 18.9 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018** |
Meybod | Yazd | 113 | 113 | 206 | 83 | 29 | 29 | 22 | 8 | 25.7 | 25.7 | 10.7 | 9.6 | 4 | 402 | Females | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018** |
Qom | Qom | 210 | 1027 | ‒ | 488 | 51 | 149 | ‒ | 29 | 24.3 | 14.5 | ‒ | 5.9 | 75 | 1725 | Females | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018** |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | 26 | 231 | 395 | 814 | 17 | 69 | 73 | 133 | 65.4 | 29.9 | 18.5 | 16.3 | ‒ | 1466 | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019** |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | 299 | 1863 | 734 | 130 | 62 | 282 | 54 | 19 | 20.7 | 15.1 | 7.4 | 14.6 | ‒ | 2645 | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019** |
Karun | Khuzestan | 185 | 383 | 141 | 35 | 55 | 121 | 36 | 3 | 29.7 | 31.6 | 25.5 | 8.6 | ‒ | 751 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b** |
Birjand | South Khorasan | 124 | 699 | 748 | 574 | 27 | 112 | 135 | 53 | 21.8 | 16.0 | 18.0 | 9.2 | 19 | 2417 | Females | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Lashkari et al., 2020** |
Semnan | Semnan | 74 | 76 | 306 | 311 | 9 | 7 | 13 | 11 | 12.2 | 9.2 | 4.2 | 3.5 | 8 | 767 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020** |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | 229 | 1440 | 1337 | ‒ | 13 | 81 | 36 | ‒ | 5.7 | 5.6 | 2.7 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 2860 | 1632 | 645 | 620 | 850 | 354 | 89 | 212 | 29.7 | 21.7 | 13.8 | 34.2 | ‒ | 5930 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021** |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 56 | 1855 | 1121 | ‒ | 2 | 83 | 45 | ‒ | 3.6 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 33 | 3032 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021** |
Gilan-e Gharb | Kermanshah | 113 | 473 | 1372 | 557 | 22 | 17 | 23 | 2 | 19.5 | 3.6 | 1.7 | 0.36 | ‒ | 2515 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | 5 | 57 | 234 | 65 | 1 | 4 | 20 | 1 | 20.0 | 7.0 | 8.5 | 1.5 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Gahavand | Hamadan | ‒ | 97 | 242 | 160 | ‒ | 29 | 51 | 9 | ‒ | 29.9 | 21.1 | 5.6 | ‒ | 499 | Females | Local | 2020 | Overall | Hajiloie et al., 2022** |
Marivan | Kurdistan | 88 | 171 | 156 | 40 | 23 | 36 | 42 | 7 | 26.1 | 21.1 | 26.9 | 17.5 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | 60 | 168 | 150 | 0 | 16 | 13 | 12 | 0 | 26.7 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 0 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
Gotvand | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | 110 | 129 | 57 | 2.6 | 36.2 | 42.4 | 18.8 | ‒ | 304 | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Zahirnia et al., 2024 |
Bathing frequency | E | I | I (%) | |||||||||||||||||
OTW | OW | TW | ≥ 3 | OTW | OW | TW | ≥ 3 | OTW | OW | TW | ≥ 3 | |||||||||
Kashan | Isfahan | 1119 | 1119 | 867 | 867 | 15 | 15 | 2 | 2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 8 | 1986 | Males | Local | 1997 | Randomly | Dehghani et al., 1999** |
Amlash | Gilan | 254 | 2810 | 1180 | ‒ | 54 | 291 | 47 | ‒ | 21.3 | 10.4 | 4.0 | ‒ | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006** |
Sarab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 398 | 254 | 9 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 7.3 | 2.8 | 11.1 | 40 | 661 | Both | Local | Aug 2013–Mar 2014 | Randomly | Dehghanzadeh et al., 2015** |
Meybod | Yazd | ‒ | 193 | 141 | 49 | ‒ | 27 | 21 | 10 | ‒ | 14.0 | 14.9 | 20.4 | 4 | 402 | Females | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018** |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | ‒ | 16340 | 10841 | 1229 | ‒ | 1983 | 910 | 102 | ‒ | 12.1 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 280 | 28410 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 512 | 1136 | 77 | ‒ | 103 | 119 | 7 | ‒ | 20.1 | 10.5 | 9.1 | 75 | 1725 | Females | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018** |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | 389 | 427 | 650 | 94 | 82 | 116 | 24.2 | 19.0 | 17.8 | ‒ | 1466 | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019** | |||
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 1311 | 1059 | 662 | ‒ | 57 | 47 | 26 | ‒ | 4.3 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 33 | 3032 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021** |
Hair washing frequency | E | I | I (%) | |||||||||||||||||
OTW | OW | TW | ≥ 3 | OTW | OW | TW | ≥ 3 | OTW | OW | TW | ≥ 3 | |||||||||
Bahar | Hamadan | 543 | 543 | 357 | ‒ | 7 | 7 | 5 | ‒ | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | ‒ | 18 | 900 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2008 | Randomly | Moradi et al., 2009** |
Khajeh | East Azerbaijan | 150 | 297 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.7 | 3.7 | ‒ | ‒ | 20 | 500 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Shayeghi et al., 2010** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 278 | 365 | 167 | ‒ | 14 | 18 | 6 | ‒ | 5.0 | 4.9 | 3.6 | 27 | 810 | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012** |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | ‒ | 122 | 183 | 80 | ‒ | 25 | 30 | 6 | ‒ | 20.5 | 16.4 | 7.5 | 6 | 385 | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 254 | 345 | 151 | ‒ | 27 | 24 | 9 | ‒ | 10.6 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 25 | 750 | Females | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013** |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | ‒ | 118 | 182 | 84 | ‒ | 25 | 22 | 7 | ‒ | 21.2 | 12.1 | 8.3 | 4 | 384 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014** |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | ‒ | 3707 | 6902 | 2137 | ‒ | 133 | 86 | 19 | ‒ | 3.6 | 1.3 | 0.87 | ‒ | 12782 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016** |
Galugah | Mazandaran | ‒ | 92 | 208 | 208 | ‒ | 9 | 8 | 8 | ‒ | 9.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 16 | 300 | Both | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016** |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 43.5 | 0.7 | ‒ | 10 | 750 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 175 | 215 | 95 | ‒ | 41 | 31 | 13 | ‒ | 23.4 | 14.4 | 13.7 | 5 | 485 | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016** |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | ‒ | 211 | 78 | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 72.9 | 56.4 | 27.2 | ‒ | 300 | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani-Ahmadi et al., 2017** |
Notes. E ‒ examined, I ‒ infested, IL ‒ illiterate, PS ‒ primary schools, SS ‒ secondary schools, UE ‒ university education, OTW ‒ once two weeks, OW ‒ once a week, TW ‒ twice a week. **Cited in Nasirian, 2023b.
Table 7. Pediculus capitis infestation in private and public among rural and urban areas, and the impact of the existence of bathing facilities in student residences (BFE) and health instructor involvement in student schools (HII), history of infestation (HI), and sharing equipment (SE) on P. capitis infestation level in primary school students, based on a literature search
Counties | Provinces | E | I | I (%) | E | I | I (%) | Sampling | References | |||||||||||
Private | Public | Private | Public | Private | Public | R | U | R | U | R | U | Schools | Students | Gender | Location | Date | Selection | |||
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3183 | 7808 | 118 | 97 | 3.7 | 1.2 | 58 | 10991 | Both | Local | 1997–1998 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 1999* |
Rasht | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1446 | 1447 | 83 | 46 | 5.7 | 3.2 | ‒ | 2893 | Both | Local | 2002–2003 | Randomly | Pourbaba et al., 2005* |
Amlash | Gilan | 138 | 4106 | 1 | 391 | 0.72 | 9.5 | 2413 | 1837 | 368 | 30 | 15.3 | 1.6 | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006* |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3915 | 36671 | 182 | 539 | 4.6 | 1.5 | 198 | 40586 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | MotovaliEmami et al., 2008* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 67219 | 46609 | 487 | 74 | 0.72 | 0.16 | ‒ | 113828 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2005 | Overall | Davarpanah et al., 2009* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 85361 | 50657 | 395 | 107 | 0.46 | 0.21 | ‒ | 136018 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2005 | Overall | Davarpanah et al., 2009* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 58728 | 39636 | 142 | 53 | 0.24 | 0.13 | ‒ | 98364 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2006 | Overall | Davarpanah et al., 2009* |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 600 | 300 | 10 | 2 | 1.7 | 0.67 | 18 | 900 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2008 | Randomly | Moradi et al., 2009* |
Across | Iran | 14320 | 198947 | 213267 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 62.0 | 38.0 | ‒ | 213450 | Both | Across | 2005 | Overall | Amirkhani et al., 2011* |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 9238 | 8484 | 472 | 722 | 5.1 | 8.5 | ‒ | 17722 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2011 | Overall | Moradi et al., 2012* |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 141 | 219 | 36.4 | 63.6 | ‒ | 55997 | Both | Local | Mar 2006–Feb 2010 | Overall | Ramezani Awal Riabi, Atarodi, 2012* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 41144 | 31216 | 98 | 69 | 0.24 | 0.22 | ‒ | 72360 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2005 | Overall | Davarpanah et al., 2013* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 52663 | 37973 | 151 | 97 | 0.29 | 0.26 | ‒ | 90636 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2005 | Overall | Davarpanah et al., 2013* |
Shiraz | Fars | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 43020 | 23626 | 72 | 5 | 0.17 | 0.02 | ‒ | 66646 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2006 | Overall | Davarpanah et al., 2013* |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2005 | 8836 | 1 | 113 | 0.05 | 1.3 | ‒ | 10841 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Omidi et al., 2013* |
Paveh | Kermanshah | 400 | 187 | 30 | 13 | 7.5 | 7.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 25 | 750 | F | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013* |
Damghan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 33 | 64 | 34.0 | 66.0 | ‒ | 2700 | F | Local | 2008 | Overall | Mohammadi Azni, 2014* |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1221 | 3491 | 21 | 57 | 1.7 | 1.6 | ‒ | 4712 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b* |
Pakdasht | Tehran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 5756 | 47976 | 198 | 480 | 3.4 | 1.0 | ‒ | 53732 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2013 | Overall | Davari et al., 2015* |
Sarab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0 | 5.9 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 40 | 624 | Both | Local | Aug 2013–Mar 2014 | Randomly | Dehghanzadeh et al., 2015* |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 4933 | 7849 | 106 | 132 | 2.2 | 1.7 | ‒ | 12782 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016* |
Galugah | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 145 | 155 | 5 | 12 | 3.4 | 7.7 | 16 | 300 | Both | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016* |
Kalaleh | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 301 | 240 | 23 | 12 | 7.6 | 5.0 | 4 | 541 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016* |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 175 | 183 | ‒ | ‒ | 62.3 | 50.3 | ‒ | 358 | F | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | SaneiDehkordi et al., 2017* |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 300 | 600 | 78 | 122 | 4.0 | 6.3 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018 |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 761 | 1189 | 78 | 122 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018* |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 11721 | 14150 | 1459 | 931 | 12.4 | 6.6 | 280 | 25871 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018* |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 225 | 1500 | 23 | 206 | 10.2 | 13.7 | 75 | 1725 | F | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018* |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 691 | 775 | 175 | 117 | 25.1 | 15.1 | ‒ | 1466 | F | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019* |
Karun | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 255 | 596 | 55 | 144 | 21.6 | 24.2 | ‒ | 851 | F | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Ghofleh Maramazi et al., 2019* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 21098 | 67102 | 152 | 410 | 0.72 | 0.61 | ‒ | 41392 | Both | Local | 2008 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 9387 | 542312 | 201 | 550 | 2.1 | 0.1 | ‒ | 30762 | Both | Local | 2009 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 15423 | 59498 | 73 | 590 | 0.47 | 0.99 | ‒ | 35721 | Both | Local | 2010 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 17872 | 60674 | 413 | 80 | 2.3 | 0.13 | ‒ | 40726 | Both | Local | 2011 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 24072 | 66367 | 480 | 1120 | 2.0 | 1.7 | ‒ | 63133 | Both | Local | 2012 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2560 | 64117 | 77 | 1584 | 3.0 | 2.5 | ‒ | 41174 | Both | Local | 2013 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 90412 | 372019 | 1396 | 4334 | 1.5 | 1.2 | ‒ | 252908 | Both | Local | 2008–2013 | Overall | Kassiri et al., 2020a* |
Karun | Khuzestan | 78 | 673 | 23 | 194 | 29.5 | 28.8 | 438 | 313 | 136 | 81 | 31.1 | 25.9 | ‒ | 751 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b* |
Birjand | South Khorasan | 63 | 2354 | 8 | 321 | 12.7 | 13.6 | 693 | 1724 | 149 | 180 | 21.5 | 10.4 | 19 | 2417 | F | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Lashkari et al., 2020* |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | 547 | 3343 | 4 | 144 | 0.73 | 4.3 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 894 | 4757 | 165 | 1334 | 18.5 | 28.0 | 640 | 5290 | 236 | 1326 | 36.9 | 25.1 | ‒ | 5930 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021* |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | 1805 | 1227 | 100 | 30 | 5.5 | 2.4 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 33 | 3032 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021* |
Counties | Provinces | E | I | I (%) | E | I | I (%) | Sampling | References | |||||||||||
Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Schools | Students | Gender | Location | Date | Selection | |||
BFE | HII | |||||||||||||||||||
Ilam | Ilam | 36 | 622 | 19 | 541 | 3.4 | 96.6 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 6 | 658 | Both | Local | Mar 97–Apr 98 | Randomly | Gholamiparizad, Abedzadah, 2001** |
Kerman | Kerman | 1106 | 94 | 31 | 14 | 2.8 | 14.9 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 50 | 1200 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005** |
Amlash | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1712 | 2532 | 12 | 380 | 0.7 | 15.0 | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006** |
Kerman | Kerman | 7169 | 33417 | 101 | 620 | 1.4 | 1.9 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 198 | 40586 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali– Emami et al., 2008** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 749 | 61 | 34 | 4 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 27 | 810 | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012** |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 207 | 178 | 30 | 31 | 14.5 | 17.4 | 6 | 385 | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 89 | 661 | 6 | 56 | 6.7 | 8.5 | 25 | 750 | Females | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013** |
Aran va Bidgol | Isfahan | 3583 | 6 | 16 | 1 | 0.45 | 16.7 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 19 | 3 589 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2008 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014a** |
Azadshahr | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 887 | 623 | 26 | 29 | 2.9 | 4.7 | ‒ | 1510 | Females | Local | 2012–2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a** |
Sari | Mazandaran | 4678 | 34 | 77 | 1 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 2508 | 2204 | 30 | 48 | 1.2 | 2.2 | ‒ | 4712 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b** |
Bojnurd | North Khorasan | 1444 | 30 | 107 | 6 | 7.4 | 20.0 | 1291 | 184 | 91 | 23 | 7.0 | 12.5 | 75 | 1475 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2013 | Randomly | Rajabzade et al., 2015** |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | 8.3 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 10 | 750 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016** |
Kalaleh | Golestan | 360 | 181 | 23 | 12 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 240 | 301 | 12 | 65 | 5.0 | 21.6 | 4 | 541 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016** |
Asadabad | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 511 | 89 | 9 | 5 | 1.8 | 5.6 | 16 | 600 | Both | Local | 2013–2014 | Randomly | Nazari et al., 2016a** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 225 | 260 | 36 | 49 | 16.0 | 18.8 | 5 | 485 | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016** |
Jahrom | Fars | 464 | 71 | 46 | 3 | 7.1 | 4.2 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 717 | Both | Local | 2016–2017 | Randomly | Majidi et al., 2017** |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | 186 | 114 | ‒ | ‒ | 60.7 | 78.1 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 300 | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani–Ahmadi et al., 2017** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | 858 | 1033 | 88 | 106 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 936 | 1014 | 96 | 104 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018** |
Meybod | Yazd | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 107 | 295 | 11 | 48 | 10.3 | 16.3 | 4 | 402 | Females | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018** |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 19720 | 8690 | 1224 | 1771 | 6.2 | 20.4 | 280 | 28410 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018** |
Sabzevar | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 733 | 467 | 88 | 58 | 12.0 | 12.4 | ‒ | 1200 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Tarkhasi et al., 2018** |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 873 | 593 | 131 | 161 | 15.0 | 27.2 | ‒ | 1466 | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019** |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1104 | 1958 | 138 | 279 | 12.5 | 14.2 | ‒ | 2645 | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019** |
Karun | Khuzestan | 658 | 93 | 170 | 47 | 25.8 | 50.5 | 155 | 596 | 30 | 187 | 19.4 | 31.4 | ‒ | 751 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b** |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 145 | 622 | 6 | 34 | 4.1 | 5.5 | 8 | 767 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020** |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | 3836 | 54 | 144 | 7 | 3.8 | 13.0 | 3536 | 354 | 116 | 32 | 3.3 | 9.0 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 5793 | 137 | 1508 | 54 | 26.0 | 39.4 | 3477 | 2735 | 742 | 820 | 21.3 | 30.0 | ‒ | 5930 | Females | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021** |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | 385 | 15 | 35 | 6 | 9.1 | 40.0 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 | ||||||
HI | SE | |||||||||||||||||||
Kashan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 140 | 1846 | 14 | 3 | 7.1 | 0.16 | 8 | 1986 | Males | Local | 1997 | Randomly | Dehghani et al., 1999** |
Hamadan | Hamadan | 44 | 308 | 28 | 27 | 38.9 | 8.1 | 243 | 109 | 46 | 9 | 15.9 | 7.6 | 12 | 847 | Both | Local | ‒ | Overall | Nazari et al., 2006** |
Amlash | Gilan | 2227 | 294 | 182 | 210 | 8.2 | 71.4 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006** |
Kerman | Kerman | 8513 | 32073 | 424 | 297 | 5.0 | 0.93 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 198 | 40586 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali– Emami et al., 2008** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 259 | 551 | 19 | 19 | 7.3 | 3.4 | 27 | 810 | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012** |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 122 | 263 | 28 | 33 | 23.0 | 12.5 | 6 | 385 | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 254 | 496 | 29 | 31 | 11.4 | 6.3 | 25 | 750 | Females | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013** |
Maneh–Semelghan | North Khorasan | 25 | 225 | 12 | 9 | 48.0 | 4.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 250 | Both | Local | 2013 | Randomly | Hosseini et al., 2014** |
Azadshahr | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 637 | 873 | 39 | 16 | 6.1 | 1.8 | ‒ | 1510 | Females | Local | 2012–2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a** |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3220 | 1492 | 35 | 43 | 1.1 | 2.9 | ‒ | 4712 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b** |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 133 | 251 | 37 | 17 | 27.8 | 6.8 | 4 | 384 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014** |
Sarab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 308 | 353 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.2 | 3.4 | 40 | 661 | Both | Local | Aug 2013–Mar 2014 | Randomly | Dehghanzadeh et al., 2015** |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 896 | 2861 | 76 | 30 | 8.5 | 1.0 | ‒ | 3757 | Females | Local | 2013–2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015** |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 10.3 | 0.47 | 10 | 750 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016** |
Kalaleh | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 103 | 438 | 27 | 8 | 26.2 | 1.8 | 4 | 541 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016** |
Asadabad | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 142 | 458 | 5 | 9 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 16 | 600 | Both | Local | 2013–2014 | Randomly | Nazari et al., 2016a** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 166 | 319 | 38 | 47 | 22.9 | 14.7 | 5 | 485 | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016** |
Jahrom | Fars | 49 | 668 | 31 | 18 | 63.3 | 2.7 | 234 | 483 | 19 | 30 | 8.1 | 6.2 | ‒ | 717 | Both | Local | 2016–2017 | Randomly | Majidi et al., 2017** |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 170 | 130 | ‒ | ‒ | 71.1 | 60.0 | ‒ | 300 | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani–Ahmadi et al., 2017** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1121 | 829 | 115 | 85 | 5.9 | 4.4 | 20 | 1950 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018** |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | 1814 | 26596 | 711 | 2284 | 39.2 | 8.6 | 9119 | 19291 | 1359 | 1636 | 14.9 | 8.5 | 280 | 28410 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018** |
Qom | Qom | 212 | 1513 | 88 | 141 | 41.5 | 9.3 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 75 | 1725 | Females | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018** |
Bojnurd | North Khorasan | 29 | 810 | 10 | 18 | 25.6 | 2.2 | 745 | 94 | 23 | 5 | 30.0 | 5.1 | ‒ | 867 | Both | Local | 2016 | Randomly | Firoozfar et al., 2019** |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | 474 | 992 | 203 | 89 | 42.8 | 9.0 | 225 | 1241 | 85 | 207 | 37.2 | 16.7 | ‒ | 1466 | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019** |
Karun | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 250 | 601 | 82 | 117 | 32.8 | 19.5 | ‒ | 851 | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Ghofleh Maramazi et al., 2019** |
Karun | Khuzestan | 255 | 496 | 120 | 97 | 47.1 | 19.6 | 253 | 498 | 131 | 86 | 51.8 | 17.3 | ‒ | 751 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b** |
Birjand | South Khorasan | 422 | 1995 | 144 | 185 | 34.1 | 9.3 | 365 | 2052 | 70 | 259 | 19.2 | 12.6 | 19 | 2417 | Females | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Lashkari et al., 2020** |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 443 | 324 | 26 | 14 | 5.9 | 4.3 | 8 | 767 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020** |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 607 | 3283 | 46 | 102 | 7.6 | 3.1 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 1392 | 4538 | 785 | 777 | 56.4 | 17.1 | 1413 | 4517 | 805 | 757 | 57.0 | 16.8 | ‒ | 5930 | Females | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021** |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | 29 | 371 | 12 | 29 | 41.4 | 7.8 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
Notes. E ‒ examined, BFE ‒ bathing facility existence in student residences, F ‒ females; HI, history of infestation, HII ‒ health instructor involvement in student schools, I ‒ infested, M ‒ males, R ‒ rural, SE ‒ sharing equipment, U ‒ urban areas. *Cited in Nasirian, Ahmadi, 2024. **Cited in Nasirian, 2023b.
Table 8. The impact of age and education, family income, and hair length and style on P. capitis infestation level in primary school students, based on a literature search
Counties | Provinces | E | I | I (%) | Sampling | References | |||||||||||
Age (education level) | Boys | Girls | Both | Boys | Girls | Both | Boys | Girls | Both | Schools | Students | Gender | Location | Date | Selection | ||
6 years (first grade) | |||||||||||||||||
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 35 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.6 | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | Females | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003** |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 7412 | ‒ | ‒ | 298 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.0 | 198 | 7412 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali–Emami et al., 2008** |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 47 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.5 | 35 | 47 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012** |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 20.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei–Dehkordi et al., 2017** |
Karun | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 126 | ‒ | ‒ | 39 | ‒ | ‒ | 31.0 | ‒ | 126 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b** |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 999 | ‒ | ‒ | 279 | ‒ | ‒ | 27.9 | ‒ | 999 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021** |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 628 | ‒ | ‒ | 38 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.1 | 33 | 628 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021** |
7 years (first grade) | |||||||||||||||||
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer–Ahmad | 1233 | 1148 | 2381 | 5 | 176 | 181 | 0.41 | 15.3 | 7.6 | 64 | 2381 | Both | Local | Nov–Dec 1999 | Overall | Shahraki et al., 2001** |
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 151 | ‒ | ‒ | 42 | ‒ | ‒ | 27.8 | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | Females | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 319 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Farzinnia et al., 2004** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 230 | ‒ | ‒ | 26 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.3 | 18 | 230 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Davari, Yaghmaei, 2005** |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 195 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.6 | 50 | 195 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005** |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 56 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.6 | 12 | 56 | Both | Local | ‒ | Overall | Nazari et al., 2006** |
Amlash | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | 754 | ‒ | ‒ | 76 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.1 | 95 | 754 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006** |
Zabol | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 228 | ‒ | ‒ | 46 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.2 | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2003 | Randomly | Zareban et al., 2006** |
Qeshm | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 11.6 | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani–Ahmadi, 2007** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 113 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.88 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007** |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 6051 | ‒ | ‒ | 194 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.2 | 198 | 6051 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali–Emami et al., 2008** |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 180 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.7 | 18 | 180 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2008 | Randomly | Moradi et al., 2009** |
Khajeh | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 96 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 13.5 | 20 | 96 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Shayeghi et al., 2010** |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 423 | ‒ | ‒ | 20 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.7 | 35 | 423 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 23.6 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2010 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2012** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 148 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.7 | ‒ | 27 | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012** |
Robat Karim | Tehran | ‒ | 10000 | ‒ | ‒ | 22 | ‒ | ‒ | 22.5 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Afshari et al., 2013** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.5 | ‒ | 45 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2011 | Overall | Noroozi et al., 2013** |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | ‒ | 75 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.0 | ‒ | 6 | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 125 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.2 | ‒ | 25 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013** |
Aran va Bidgol | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 717 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.14 | 19 | 717 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2008 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014a** |
Kashan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 624 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.3 | 23 | 624 | Both | Local | Nov 2012–May 2013 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014b** |
Damghan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.3 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2008 | Overall | Mohammadi Azni, 2014** |
Azadshahr | Golestan | ‒ | 287 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.2 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2012–2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a** |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 678 | ‒ | ‒ | 9 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.3 | ‒ | 678 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b** |
Abadan | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 104 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.8 | 26 | 104 | Both | Local | 2012 | Randomly | Salehi et al., 2014** |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 49 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.2 | 4 | 49 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014** |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 608 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.3 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2013–2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015** |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | ‒ | ‒ | 2762 | ‒ | ‒ | 47 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.7 | ‒ | 2762 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016** |
Galugah | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 53 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.5 | 16 | 53 | Both | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016** |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.3 | 10 | ‒ | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016** |
Kalaleh | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | 190 | ‒ | ‒ | 9 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.7 | 4 | 190 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 101 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.9 | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016** |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | 49 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 33.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei–Dehkordi et al., 2017** |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | ‒ | 50 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 50.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani–Ahmadi et al., 2017** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 663 | 68 | 3.5 | 20 | 663 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018** | ||||
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 351 | ‒ | ‒ | 68 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.4 | 20 | 351 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018** |
Meybod | Yazd | ‒ | 69 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 21.7 | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018** |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 4697 | ‒ | ‒ | 773 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.5 | 280 | 4697 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 345 | ‒ | ‒ | 52 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.1 | ‒ | 75 | ‒ | Females | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018** |
Sabzevar | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 210 | ‒ | ‒ | 27 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.9 | ‒ | 210 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Tarkhasi et al., 2018** |
Badrud | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 245 | ‒ | ‒ | 30 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | ‒ | 245 | Both | Local | 2017–2018 | Overall | Dehghani et al., 2019** |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | ‒ | 243 | ‒ | ‒ | 55 | ‒ | ‒ | 22.6 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019** |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | 475 | ‒ | ‒ | 95 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019** |
Karun | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 125 | ‒ | ‒ | 38 | ‒ | ‒ | 30.4 | ‒ | 125 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b** |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | 243 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.3 | 8 | 243 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020** |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | 115 | ‒ | ‒ | 18 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.7 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 991 | ‒ | ‒ | 251 | ‒ | ‒ | 25.3 | ‒ | 991 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021** |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 1521 | ‒ | ‒ | 64 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.2 | 33 | 1521 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021** |
Gilan–e Gharb | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 500 | ‒ | ‒ | 25 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.0 | ‒ | 500 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 61 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.6 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Gahavand | Hamadan | ‒ | 77 | ‒ | ‒ | 16 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.8 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2020 | Overall | Hajiloie et al., 2022** |
Marivan | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 37.5 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 44 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.9 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
8 years (second grade) | |||||||||||||||||
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer–Ahmad | 1234 | 1111 | 2345 | 6 | 212 | 218 | 0.49 | 19.1 | 9.3 | 64 | 2345 | Both | Local | Nov–Dec 1999 | Overall | Shahraki et al., 2001** |
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 156 | ‒ | ‒ | 40 | ‒ | ‒ | 25.6 | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | Females | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 391 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 4.5 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Farzinnia et al., 2004** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 242 | ‒ | ‒ | 72 | ‒ | ‒ | 29.7 | 18 | 242 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Davari, Yaghmaei, 2005** |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 223 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | 50 | 223 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005** |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 75 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.7 | 12 | 75 | Both | Local | ‒ | Overall | Nazari et al., 2006** |
Amlash | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | 701 | ‒ | ‒ | 67 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.6 | 95 | 701 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006** |
Zabol | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 216 | ‒ | ‒ | 49 | ‒ | ‒ | 22.7 | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2003 | Randomly | Zareban et al., 2006** |
Qeshm | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 17.4 | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani–Ahmadi, 2007** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 115 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.5 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007** |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 7965 | ‒ | ‒ | 103 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.3 | 198 | 7965 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali–Emami et al., 2008** |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 180 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.1 | 18 | 180 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2008 | Randomly | Moradi et al., 2009** |
Khajeh | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 113 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.4 | 20 | 113 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Shayeghi et al., 2010** |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 421 | ‒ | ‒ | 17 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.0 | 35 | 421 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 15.3 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2010 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2012** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 140 | ‒ | ‒ | 9 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.4 | ‒ | 27 | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012** |
Robat Karim | Tehran | ‒ | 10000 | ‒ | ‒ | 19 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.4 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Afshari et al., 2013** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 18 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.0 | ‒ | 45 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2011 | Overall | Noroozi et al., 2013** |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | ‒ | 63 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 17.5 | ‒ | 6 | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 117 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.1 | ‒ | 25 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013** |
Aran va Bidgol | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 658 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.58 | 19 | 658 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2008 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014a** |
Kashan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 206 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.5 | 23 | 206 | Both | Local | Nov 2012–May 2013 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014b** |
Damghan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.5 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2008 | Overall | Mohammadi Azni, 2014** |
Azadshahr | Golestan | ‒ | 264 | ‒ | ‒ | 9 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.4 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2012–2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a** |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 705 | ‒ | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.7 | ‒ | 705 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b** |
Abadan | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 104 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.9 | 26 | 104 | Both | Local | 2012 | Randomly | Salehi et al., 2014** |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 75 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.3 | 4 | 75 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014** |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 612 | ‒ | ‒ | 17 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.8 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2013–2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015** |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | ‒ | ‒ | 2744 | ‒ | ‒ | 50 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | ‒ | 2744 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016** |
Galugah | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 49 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.0 | 16 | 49 | Both | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016** |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.7 | 10 | ‒ | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016** |
Kalaleh | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | 190 | ‒ | ‒ | 9 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.7 | 4 | 190 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 87 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.1 | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016** |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | 63 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 32.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei–Dehkordi et al., 2017** |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | ‒ | 52 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 57.7 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani–Ahmadi et al., 2017** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 390 | ‒ | ‒ | 40 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.1 | 20 | 390 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 320 | ‒ | ‒ | 40 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.5 | 20 | 320 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018** |
Meybod | Yazd | ‒ | 77 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.5 | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018** |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 6143 | ‒ | ‒ | 798 | ‒ | ‒ | 13.0 | 280 | 6143 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 347 | ‒ | ‒ | 36 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.4 | ‒ | 75 | ‒ | Females | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018** |
Sabzevar | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 222 | ‒ | ‒ | 33 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.9 | ‒ | 222 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Tarkhasi et al., 2018** |
Badrud | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 240 | ‒ | ‒ | 24 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.5 | ‒ | 240 | Both | Local | 2017–2018 | Overall | Dehghani et al., 2019** |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | ‒ | 233 | ‒ | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | ‒ | 13.7 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019** |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | 512 | ‒ | ‒ | 53 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.4 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019** |
Karun | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 123 | ‒ | ‒ | 47 | ‒ | ‒ | 38.2 | ‒ | 123 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b** |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | 243 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.3 | 8 | 243 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020** |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | 159 | ‒ | ‒ | 23 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.5 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 992 | ‒ | ‒ | 290 | ‒ | ‒ | 29.2 | ‒ | 992 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021** |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 1521 | ‒ | ‒ | 64 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.2 | 33 | 1521 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021** |
Gilan–e Gharb | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 409 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.2 | ‒ | 409 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 65 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.6 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Gahavand | Hamadan | ‒ | 78 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.7 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2020 | Overall | Hajiloie et al., 2022** |
Marivan | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 44 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 34.1 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 61 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.5 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
9 years (third grade) | |||||||||||||||||
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer–Ahmad | 1207 | 1067 | 2274 | 17 | 259 | 276 | 1.4 | 24.3 | 12.1 | 64 | 2274 | Both | Local | Nov–Dec 1999 | Overall | Shahraki et al., 2001** |
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 169 | ‒ | ‒ | 40 | ‒ | ‒ | 23.7 | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | Females | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 308 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.3 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Farzinnia et al., 2004** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 198 | ‒ | ‒ | 65 | ‒ | ‒ | 32.8 | 18 | 198 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Davari, Yaghmaei, 2005** |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 213 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.6 | 50 | 213 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005** |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 90 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.7 | 12 | 90 | Both | Local | ‒ | Overall | Nazari et al., 2006** |
Amlash | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | 833 | ‒ | ‒ | 79 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.5 | 95 | 833 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006** |
Zabol | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 212 | ‒ | ‒ | 55 | ‒ | ‒ | 25.9 | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2003 | Randomly | Zareban et al., 2006** |
Qeshm | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 19.0 | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani–Ahmadi, 2007** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 99 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.1 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007** |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 9904 | ‒ | ‒ | 80 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.81 | 198 | 9904 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali–Emami et al., 2008** |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 180 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.1 | 18 | 180 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2008 | Randomly | Moradi et al., 2009** |
Khajeh | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 105 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.9 | 20 | 105 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Shayeghi et al., 2010** |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 368 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.2 | 35 | 368 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 18.3 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2010 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2012** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 187 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.7 | ‒ | 27 | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012** |
Robat Karim | Tehran | ‒ | 10000 | ‒ | ‒ | 22 | ‒ | ‒ | 22.5 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Afshari et al., 2013** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 22 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.2 | ‒ | 45 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2011 | Overall | Noroozi et al., 2013** |
Aran va Bidgol | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 710 | ‒ | ‒ | 6 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.85 | 19 | 710 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2008 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014a** |
Kashan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 517 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.4 | 23 | 517 | Both | Local | Nov 2012–May 2013 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014b** |
Damghan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 19 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.6 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2008 | Overall | Mohammadi Azni, 2014** |
Azadshahr | Golestan | ‒ | 239 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.4 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2012–2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a** |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 702 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.6 | ‒ | 702 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b** |
Abadan | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 104 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.9 | 26 | 104 | Both | Local | 2012 | Randomly | Salehi et al., 2014** |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 90 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.4 | 4 | 90 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014** |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 621 | ‒ | ‒ | 24 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.9 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2013–2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015** |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | ‒ | ‒ | 2701 | ‒ | ‒ | 52 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | ‒ | 2701 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016** |
Galugah | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 63 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.9 | 16 | 63 | Both | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016** |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 3.4 | 10 | ‒ | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016** |
Kalaleh | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | 184 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.0 | 4 | 184 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 92 | ‒ | ‒ | 18 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.6 | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016** |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | 59 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 31.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei–Dehkordi et al., 2017** |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | ‒ | 43 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 81.4 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani–Ahmadi et al., 2017** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 390 | 40 | 2.1 | 20 | 390 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018** | ||||
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 320 | ‒ | ‒ | 40 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.5 | 20 | 320 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018** |
Meybod | Yazd | ‒ | 82 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 13.4 | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018** |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 7011 | ‒ | ‒ | 526 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.5 | 280 | 7011 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 343 | ‒ | ‒ | 42 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.2 | ‒ | 75 | ‒ | Females | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018** |
Sabzevar | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 189 | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.8 | ‒ | 189 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Tarkhasi et al., 2018** |
Badrud | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 246 | ‒ | ‒ | 19 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.2 | ‒ | 246 | Both | Local | 2017–2018 | Overall | Dehghani et al., 2019** |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | ‒ | 265 | ‒ | ‒ | 48 | ‒ | ‒ | 18.1 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019** |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | 526 | ‒ | ‒ | 84 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019** |
Karun | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 123 | ‒ | ‒ | 30 | ‒ | ‒ | 24.4 | ‒ | 123 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b** |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | 259 | ‒ | ‒ | 17 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.6 | 8 | 259 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020** |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | 332 | ‒ | ‒ | 35 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.5 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 992 | ‒ | ‒ | 244 | ‒ | ‒ | 24.6 | ‒ | 992 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021** |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 1521 | ‒ | ‒ | 64 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.2 | 33 | 1521 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021** |
Gilan–e Gharb | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 459 | ‒ | ‒ | 10 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.2 | ‒ | 459 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 66 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.6 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Gahavand | Hamadan | ‒ | 91 | ‒ | ‒ | 17 | ‒ | ‒ | 18.7 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2020 | Overall | Hajiloie et al., 2022** |
Marivan | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 111 | ‒ | ‒ | 22 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.8 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 66 | ‒ | ‒ | 6 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.1 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
10 years (fourth grade) | |||||||||||||||||
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer–Ahmad | 1384 | 1296 | 2680 | 20 | 306 | 326 | 1.4 | 23.6 | 12.2 | 64 | 2680 | Both | Local | Nov–Dec 1999 | Overall | Shahraki et al., 2001** |
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 184 | ‒ | ‒ | 56 | ‒ | ‒ | 30.4 | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | Females | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 351 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 7.4 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Farzinnia et al., 2004** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 263 | ‒ | ‒ | 42 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.9 | 18 | 263 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Davari, Yaghmaei, 2005** |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 224 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.89 | 50 | 224 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005** |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 89 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.7 | 12 | 89 | Both | Local | ‒ | Overall | Nazari et al., 2006** |
Amlash | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | 932 | ‒ | ‒ | 83 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.9 | 95 | 932 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006** |
Zabol | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 209 | ‒ | ‒ | 75 | ‒ | ‒ | 35.9 | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2003 | Randomly | Zareban et al., 2006** |
Qeshm | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 24.8 | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani–Ahmadi, 2007** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 104 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.7 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007** |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 8972 | ‒ | ‒ | 45 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.5 | 198 | 8972 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali–Emami et al., 2008** |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 180 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.2 | 18 | 180 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2008 | Randomly | Moradi et al., 2009** |
Khajeh | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 87 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.3 | 20 | 87 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Shayeghi et al., 2010** |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 414 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.6 | 35 | 414 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 16.8 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2010 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2012** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 144 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.6 | ‒ | 27 | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012** |
Robat Karim | Tehran | ‒ | 10000 | ‒ | ‒ | 21 | ‒ | ‒ | 21.4 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Afshari et al., 2013** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 20 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.1 | ‒ | 45 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2011 | Overall | Noroozi et al., 2013** |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | ‒ | 78 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 17.9 | ‒ | 6 | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 188 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.9 | ‒ | 25 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013** |
Aran va Bidgol | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 735 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.41 | 19 | 735 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2008 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014a** |
Kashan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 318 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.6 | 23 | 318 | Both | Local | Nov 2012–May 2013 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014b** |
Damghan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 22 | ‒ | ‒ | 22.7 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2008 | Overall | Mohammadi Azni, 2014** |
Azadshahr | Golestan | ‒ | 245 | ‒ | ‒ | 10 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.1 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2012–2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a** |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 835 | ‒ | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.4 | ‒ | 835 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b** |
Abadan | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 104 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.8 | 26 | 104 | Both | Local | 2012 | Randomly | Salehi et al., 2014** |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 150 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.7 | 4 | 150 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014** |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 636 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.4 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2013–2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015** |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | ‒ | ‒ | 2477 | ‒ | ‒ | 48 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.9 | ‒ | 2477 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016** |
Galugah | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 67 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.0 | 16 | 67 | Both | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016** |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | 10 | ‒ | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016** |
Kalaleh | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | 184 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.0 | 4 | 184 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 100 | ‒ | ‒ | 20 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.0 | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016** |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | 67 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 26.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei–Dehkordi et al., 2017** |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | ‒ | 51 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 76.4 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani–Ahmadi et al., 2017** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 273 | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.4 | 20 | 273 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 318 | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.8 | 20 | 318 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018** |
Meybod | Yazd | ‒ | 59 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.5 | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018** |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 5460 | ‒ | ‒ | 499 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.1 | 280 | 5460 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 344 | ‒ | ‒ | 38 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.0 | ‒ | 75 | ‒ | Females | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018** |
Sabzevar | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 204 | ‒ | ‒ | 18 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.8 | ‒ | 204 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Tarkhasi et al., 2018** |
Badrud | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 250 | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | ‒ | 250 | Both | Local | 2017–2018 | Overall | Dehghani et al., 2019** |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | ‒ | 231 | ‒ | ‒ | 51 | ‒ | ‒ | 22.1 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019** |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | 526 | ‒ | ‒ | 74 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.1 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019** |
Karun | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 123 | ‒ | ‒ | 37 | ‒ | ‒ | 30.1 | ‒ | 123 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b** |
Birjand | South Khorasan | ‒ | 417 | ‒ | ‒ | 62 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.9 | ‒ | 19 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Lashkari et al., 2020** |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | 259 | ‒ | ‒ | 17 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.6 | 8 | 259 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020** |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | 989 | ‒ | ‒ | 23 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.3 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 979 | ‒ | ‒ | 296 | ‒ | ‒ | 30.2 | ‒ | 979 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021** |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 883 | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.2 | 33 | 883 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021** |
Gilan–e Gharb | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 390 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.8 | ‒ | 390 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 64 | ‒ | ‒ | 9 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.1 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Gahavand | Hamadan | ‒ | 87 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 17.2 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2020 | Overall | Hajiloie et al., 2022** |
Marivan | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 127 | ‒ | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | ‒ | 25.2 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 93 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.8 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri and Jafari, 2022 |
11 years (fifth grade) | |||||||||||||||||
Yasuj | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer–Ahmad | 1380 | 1187 | 2567 | 12 | 313 | 325 | 0.87 | 26.4 | 12.7 | 64 | 2567 | Both | Local | Nov–Dec 1999 | Overall | Shahraki et al., 2001** |
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 131 | ‒ | ‒ | 33 | ‒ | ‒ | 25.2 | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | Females | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 381 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 4.9 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Farzinnia et al., 2004** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 262 | ‒ | ‒ | 30 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.5 | 18 | 262 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Davari, Yaghmaei, 2005** |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 259 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.0 | 50 | 259 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005** |
Hamadan | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 97 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.2 | 12 | 97 | Both | Local | ‒ | Overall | Nazari et al., 2006** |
Amlash | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | 1003 | ‒ | ‒ | 85 | ‒ | ‒ | 8.5 | 95 | 1003 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006** |
Zabol | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 201 | ‒ | ‒ | 88 | ‒ | ‒ | 43.8 | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2003 | Randomly | Zareban et al., 2006** |
Qeshm | Hormozgan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 27.3 | ‒ | ‒ | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani–Ahmadi, 2007** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 103 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.6 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007** |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 282 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.35 | 198 | 282 | Both | Local | Mar–Jun 2006 | Overall | Motovali–Emami et al., 2008** |
Bahar | Hamadan | ‒ | ‒ | 180 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.56 | 18 | 180 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2008 | Randomly | Moradi et al., 2009** |
Khajeh | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 99 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.0 | 20 | 99 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Shayeghi et al., 2010** |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 376 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.5 | 35 | 376 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 26.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2010 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2012** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 201 | ‒ | ‒ | 10 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.0 | ‒ | 27 | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012** |
Robat Karim | Tehran | ‒ | 10000 | ‒ | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.2 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Afshari et al., 2013** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 32 | ‒ | ‒ | 17.7 | ‒ | 45 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2011 | Overall | Noroozi et al., 2013** |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | ‒ | 92 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 14.1 | ‒ | 6 | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 144 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.7 | ‒ | 25 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013** |
Aran va Bidgol | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 742 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.4 | 19 | 742 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2008 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014a** |
Kashan | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 486 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.0 | 23 | 486 | Both | Local | Nov 2012–May 2013 | Randomly | Doroodgar et al., 2014b** |
Damghan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 30 | ‒ | ‒ | 30.9 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2008 | Overall | Mohammadi Azni, 2014** |
Azadshahr | Golestan | ‒ | 229 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.3 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2012–2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a** |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 890 | ‒ | ‒ | 19 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.1 | ‒ | 890 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b** |
Abadan | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 104 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.7 | 26 | 104 | Both | Local | 2012 | Randomly | Salehi et al., 2014** |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 65 | ‒ | ‒ | 16 | ‒ | ‒ | 24.6 | 4 | 65 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014** |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 641 | ‒ | ‒ | 20 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.1 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2013–2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015** |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | ‒ | ‒ | 2098 | ‒ | ‒ | 41 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.0 | ‒ | 2098 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016** |
Galugah | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 68 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.4 | 16 | 68 | Both | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016** |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 0.7 | 10 | ‒ | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016** |
Kalaleh | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | 167 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.0 | 4 | 167 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 105 | ‒ | ‒ | 22 | ‒ | ‒ | 21.0 | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016** |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | 55 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 39.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei–Dehkordi et al., 2017** |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | ‒ | 57 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 71.9 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani–Ahmadi et al., 2017** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 108 | 11 | 0.55 | 20 | 108 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018** | ||||
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 321 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.0 | 20 | 321 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018** |
Meybod | Yazd | ‒ | 53 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.4 | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018** |
Andimeshk, Dezful and Shush | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 5099 | ‒ | ‒ | 399 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.8 | 280 | 5099 | Both | Local | Feb–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Nejati et al., 2018** |
Qom | Qom | ‒ | 346 | ‒ | ‒ | 61 | ‒ | ‒ | 17.6 | ‒ | 75 | ‒ | Females | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018** |
Sabzevar | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 188 | ‒ | ‒ | 21 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.2 | ‒ | 188 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Tarkhasi et al., 2018** |
Badrud | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 246 | ‒ | ‒ | 14 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.87 | ‒ | 246 | Both | Local | 2017–2018 | Overall | Dehghani et al., 2019** |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | ‒ | 254 | ‒ | ‒ | 57 | ‒ | ‒ | 22.4 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019** |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | 443 | ‒ | ‒ | 47 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.6 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019** |
Karun | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 131 | ‒ | ‒ | 26 | ‒ | ‒ | 19.8 | ‒ | 131 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b** |
Birjand | South Khorasan | ‒ | 1549 | ‒ | ‒ | 197 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.7 | ‒ | 19 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Lashkari et al., 2020** |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | 1127 | ‒ | ‒ | 24 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.1 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 977 | ‒ | ‒ | 202 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.7 | ‒ | 977 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021** |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 883 | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.2 | 33 | 883 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021** |
Gilan–e Gharb | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 337 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.5 | ‒ | 337 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 65 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.2 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Gahavand | Hamadan | ‒ | 94 | ‒ | ‒ | 16 | ‒ | ‒ | 17.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2020 | Overall | Hajiloie et al., 2022** |
Marivan | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 59 | ‒ | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.3 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 91 | ‒ | ‒ | 7 | ‒ | ‒ | 7.7 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
12 years (sixth grade) | |||||||||||||||||
Iranshahr | Sistan and Baluchestan | ‒ | 61 | ‒ | ‒ | 27 | ‒ | ‒ | 44.3 | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | Females | Local | Nov 2002–May 2003 | Randomly | Alempour Salemi et al., 2003** |
Kerman | Kerman | ‒ | ‒ | 86 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.8 | 50 | 86 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005** |
Amlash | Gilan | ‒ | ‒ | 21 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.5 | 95 | 21 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | ‒ | 66 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.7 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007** |
Urmia | West Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 826 | ‒ | ‒ | 29 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.5 | 35 | 826 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2010 | Randomly | Hazrati Tappeh et al., 2012** |
Robat Karim | Tehran | ‒ | 10000 | ‒ | ‒ | 1 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Afshari et al., 2013** |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | ‒ | 77 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.4 | ‒ | 6 | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | 176 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 4.5 | ‒ | 25 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013** |
Azadshahr | Golestan | ‒ | 246 | ‒ | ‒ | 5 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2012–2013 | Overall | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014a** |
Sari | Mazandaran | ‒ | ‒ | 902 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.7 | ‒ | 902 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b** |
Abadan | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | 104 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.8 | 26 | 104 | Both | Local | 2012 | Randomly | Salehi et al., 2014** |
Bonab | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | 639 | ‒ | ‒ | 16 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.5 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2013–2014 | Overall | Kabiri et al., 2015** |
Kalaleh | Golestan | ‒ | ‒ | 167 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 9.0 | 4 | 167 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016** |
Sirik | Hormozgan | ‒ | 45 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 36.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | Nov 2015– Feb 2016 | Randomly | Sanei–Dehkordi et al., 2017** |
Bashagard | Hormozgan | ‒ | 47 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 68.1 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Soleimani–Ahmadi et al., 2017** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 126 | ‒ | ‒ | 13 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.66 | 20 | 126 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Abbasgholizadeh et al., 2018** |
Meshginshahr | Ardabil | ‒ | ‒ | 320 | ‒ | ‒ | 11 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.4 | 20 | 320 | Both | Local | Oct 2015–Jun 2016 | Randomly | Moradiasl et al., 2018** |
Meybod | Yazd | ‒ | 62 | ‒ | ‒ | 8 | ‒ | ‒ | 12.9 | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018** |
Sabzevar | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | ‒ | 187 | ‒ | ‒ | 19 | ‒ | ‒ | 10.2 | ‒ | 187 | Both | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Tarkhasi et al., 2018** |
Badrud | Isfahan | ‒ | ‒ | 237 | ‒ | ‒ | 10 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.62 | ‒ | 237 | Both | Local | 2017–2018 | Overall | Dehghani et al., 2019** |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | ‒ | 240 | ‒ | ‒ | 49 | ‒ | ‒ | 20.4 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019** |
Mashhad | Razavi Khorasan | ‒ | 580 | ‒ | ‒ | 64 | ‒ | ‒ | 11.0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Mohammadi et al., 2019** |
Birjand | South Khorasan | ‒ | 451 | ‒ | ‒ | 70 | ‒ | ‒ | 15.5 | ‒ | 19 | ‒ | Females | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Lashkari et al., 2020** |
Semnan | Semnan | ‒ | ‒ | 265 | ‒ | ‒ | 15 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.7 | 8 | 265 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020** |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | ‒ | ‒ | 1168 | ‒ | ‒ | 25 | ‒ | ‒ | 2.1 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 883 | ‒ | ‒ | 28 | ‒ | ‒ | 3.2 | 33 | 883 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021** |
Gilan–e Gharb | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 420 | ‒ | ‒ | 4 | ‒ | ‒ | 1.0 | ‒ | 420 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | ‒ | ‒ | 40 | ‒ | ‒ | 2 | ‒ | ‒ | 5.0 | 11 | 361 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2018 | Overall | Bekri, Shaghaghi, 2022 |
Gahavand | Hamadan | ‒ | 72 | ‒ | ‒ | 12 | ‒ | ‒ | 16.7 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | Females | Local | 2020 | Overall | Hajiloie et al., 2022** |
Marivan | Kurdistan | ‒ | ‒ | 108 | ‒ | ‒ | 25 | ‒ | ‒ | 23.1 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | ‒ | ‒ | 45 | ‒ | ‒ | 3 | ‒ | ‒ | 6.7 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
Family income | E | I | I (%) | ||||||||||||||
P | M | R | P | M | R | P | M | R | |||||||||
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | 97 | 324 | 774 | 38 | 95 | 102 | 39.2 | 29.3 | 13.2 | 18 | 1195 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Davari, Yaghmaei, 2005** |
Sarab | East Azerbaijan | 108 | 505 | 48 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 13.0 | 4.6 | 0 | 40 | 661 | Both | Local | Aug 2013–Mar 2014 | Randomly | Dehghanzadeh et al., 2015** |
Meybod | Yazd | 63 | 210 | 129 | 11 | 26 | 22 | 17.5 | 12.4 | 17.1 | 4 | 402 | Females | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018** |
Qom | Qom | 908 | 334 | 483 | 160 | 50 | 19 | 17.6 | 15.0 | 3.9 | 75 | 1725 | Females | Local | Mar 2015–Mar 2017 | Randomly | Saghafipour et al., 2018** |
Birjand | South Khorasan | 284 | 268 | 588 | 53 | 34 | 46 | 18.7 | 12.7 | 7.8 | 19 | 2417 | Females | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Lashkari et al., 2020** |
Semnan | Semnan | 133 | 524 | 110 | 14 | 23 | 3 | 10.5 | 4.4 | 2.7 | 8 | 767 | Both | Local | Mar 2018–May 2018 | Randomly | Shirzadi et al., 2020** |
Marivan | Kurdistan | 174 | 195 | 81 | 40 | 52 | 15 | 23.0 | 26.7 | 18.5 | ‒ | 457 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Rad et al., 2022 |
Varzaqan | East Azerbaijan | 49 | 282 | 59 | 16 | 23 | 2 | 32.7 | 8.2 | 3.4 | 26 | 400 | Both | Local | Dec 2019–Jan 2020 | Randomly | Sepehri, Jafari, 2022 |
Hair length | E | I | I (%) | ||||||||||||||
S | M | L | S | M | L | S | M | L | |||||||||
Kerman | Kerman | 738 | ‒ | 462 | 9 | ‒ | 36 | 1.2 | ‒ | 7.8 | 50 | 1200 | Both | Local | Apr–Jun 2003 | Randomly | Kamiabi, Nakhaei, 2005** |
Amlash | Gilan | 2657 | 1085 | 502 | 157 | 159 | 76 | 5.9 | 14.7 | 15.1 | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | 230 | 222 | 148 | 11 | 20 | 15 | 4.8 | 9.0 | 10.1 | ‒ | 600 | Females | Local | 2005 | Randomly | Yaghmaei et al., 2007** |
Sanandaj | Kurdistan | 291 | 314 | 205 | 16 | 15 | 7 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 3.4 | 27 | 810 | Females | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2012** |
Ravansar | Kermanshah | 162 | 124 | 99 | 18 | 18 | 25 | 11.1 | 14.5 | 25.3 | 6 | 385 | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyadi et al., 2013** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | 273 | 292 | 185 | 20 | 29 | 11 | 7.3 | 9.9 | 5.9 | 25 | 750 | Females | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Vahabi et al., 2013** |
Bayengan | Kermanshah | 140 | 150 | 94 | 19 | 23 | 12 | 13.6 | 15.3 | 12.8 | 4 | 384 | Both | Local | ‒ | Randomly | Sayyadi et al., 2014** |
Sarab | East Azerbaijan | 310 | 256 | 95 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 2.3 | 5.5 | 16.8 | 40 | 661 | Both | Local | Aug 2013–Mar 2014 | Randomly | Dehghanzadeh et al., 2015** |
Savojbolagh | Alborz | 1406 | 3068 | 8308 | 23 | 75 | 140 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 1.7 | ‒ | 12782 | Both | Local | Sep–Dec 2013 | Overall | Bahrami et al., 2016** |
Galugah | Mazandaran | 108 | ‒ | 192 | 5 | ‒ | 12 | 4.6 | ‒ | 6.3 | 16 | 300 | Both | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016** |
Kalaleh | Golestan | 325 | 140 | 68 | 5 | 13 | 16 | 1.5 | 9.3 | 23.5 | 4 | 541 | Both | Local | Oct–Dec 2015 | Randomly | Maleky et al., 2016** |
Paveh | Kermanshah | 175 | 180 | 130 | 25 | 38 | 22 | 14.3 | 21.1 | 16.9 | 5 | 485 | Females | Local | ‒ | Overall | Sayyad et al., 2016** |
Jahrom | Fars | 307 | 282 | 128 | 22 | 20 | 7 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 5.5 | ‒ | 717 | Both | Local | 2016–2017 | Randomly | Majidi et al., 2017** |
Meybod | Yazd | 133 | 168 | 101 | 30 | 15 | 14 | 22.6 | 8.9 | 13.9 | 4 | 402 | Females | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018** |
Bojnurd | North Khorasan | 334 | 277 | 227 | 14 | 8 | 7 | 4.0 | 2.8 | 2.6 | ‒ | 867 | Both | Local | 2016 | Randomly | Firoozfar et al., 2019** |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | 343 | 645 | 478 | 83 | 123 | 86 | 24.2 | 19.1 | 18.0 | ‒ | 1466 | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019** |
Karun | Khuzestan | 444 | ‒ | 307 | 88 | ‒ | 129 | 19.8 | ‒ | 42.0 | ‒ | 751 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b** |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | 723 | 2178 | 989 | 23 | 70 | 55 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 5.6 | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 3516 | ‒ | 2414 | 710 | ‒ | 852 | 20.2 | ‒ | 35.3 | ‒ | 5930 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021** |
Gilan–e Gharb | Kermanshah | 1213 | 708 | 594 | 8 | 17 | 39 | 0.66 | 2.4 | 6.6 | ‒ | 2515 | Both | Local | 2018 | Overall | Zahirnia et al., 2021** |
Hairstyle | E | I | I (%) | ||||||||||||||
St | C | W | St | C | W | St | C | W | |||||||||
Hamadan | Hamadan | 290 | 62 | ‒ | 33 | 22 | ‒ | 10.2 | 26.2 | ‒ | 12 | 847 | Both | Local | ‒ | Overall | Nazari et al., 2006** |
Amlash | Gilan | 3621 | ‒ | 623 | 294 | ‒ | 98 | 8.1 | ‒ | 15.7 | 95 | 4244 | Both | Local | 2003–2004 | Overall | Rafinejad et al., 2006** |
Sari | Mazandaran | 3695 | ‒ | 1017 | 56 | ‒ | 22 | 1.5 | ‒ | 2.2 | ‒ | 4712 | Both | Local | 2012–2013 | Randomly | Motevalli Haghi et al., 2014b** |
Sarab | East Azerbaijan | 438 | 160 | 63 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 5.9 | 6.2 | 1.6 | 40 | 661 | Both | Local | Aug 2013–Mar 2014 | Randomly | Dehghanzadeh et al., 2015** |
Galugah | Mazandaran | 258 | ‒ | 42 | 13 | ‒ | 4 | 5.0 | ‒ | 9.5 | 16 | 300 | Both | Local | 2009–2010 | Randomly | Kassiri, Esteghali, 2016** |
Khorramshahr | Khuzestan | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ | 1.0 | ‒ | 2.6 | 10 | 750 | Both | Local | 2008–2009 | Randomly | Kassiri, Gatifi, 2016** |
Asadabad | Hamadan | 527 | ‒ | 73 | 10 | ‒ | 4 | 1.9 | ‒ | 5.5 | 16 | 600 | Both | Local | 2013–2014 | Randomly | Nazari et al., 2016a** |
Jahrom | Fars | 649 | ‒ | 68 | 38 | ‒ | 11 | 5.9 | ‒ | 16.2 | ‒ | 717 | Both | Local | 2016–2017 | Randomly | Majidi et al., 2017** |
Meybod | Yazd | 328 | 63 | 11 | 49 | 9 | 1 | 14.9 | 14.3 | 9.1 | 4 | 402 | Females | Local | 2015–2016 | Randomly | Morovati Sharif Abadi et al., 2018** |
Bojnurd | North Khorasan | 374 | 176 | 288 | 8 | 7 | 14 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 4.6 | ‒ | 867 | Both | Local | 2016 | Randomly | Firoozfar et al., 2019** |
Tonekabon | Mazandaran | 1105 | ‒ | 361 | 209 | ‒ | 83 | 18.9 | 22.9 | ‒ | 1466 | Females | Local | 2017–2018 | Randomly | Heidarpour et al., 2019** | |
Karun | Khuzestan | 637 | ‒ | 114 | 174 | ‒ | 43 | 27.3 | ‒ | 37.7 | ‒ | 751 | Both | Local | 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri et al., 2020b** |
Khorramabad | Lorestan | 3169 | 720 | ‒ | 122 | 26 | ‒ | 3.8 | 3.6 | ‒ | ‒ | 3890 | Both | Local | 2018–2019 | Randomly | Galehdar et al., 2021 |
Ahvaz | Khuzestan | 4783 | ‒ | 1147 | 1147 | ‒ | 415 | 24.0 | ‒ | 36.2 | ‒ | 5930 | Both | Local | Jan 2016–Jun 2017 | Randomly | Kassiri, Mehraghaei, 2021** |
Tabriz | East Azerbaijan | 2495 | ‒ | 537 | 117 | ‒ | 13 | 4.7 | ‒ | 2.4 | 33 | 3032 | Both | Local | Jan–Mar 2018 | Randomly | Norouzi et al., 2021** |
Notes. C ‒ curly, E ‒ examined, I ‒ infested, L ‒ long (> shoulder level), M ‒ medium, M ‒ medium (> 3 cm to shoulder level), P ‒ poor, R ‒ rich, S ‒ short (< 3 cm), St ‒ straight, W ‒ wavy. **Cited in Nasirian, 2023b.
Summary of the study approach
Based on a literature search, the data and variables about P. capitis infestation in students of preschools and primary schools (extracted from 106 articles) are summarized in Table 1. The data and variables about P. capitis infestation in the age groups of primary school students (extracted from 55 articles) are summarized in Table 2. The data and variables about P. capitis infestation in the community (extracted from 17 articles) are summarized in Table 3. The data and variables about P. capitis infestation in the age groups of the community (extracted from 12 articles) are summarized in Table 4. The data and variables about the impact of family size on P. capitis infestation level in students of primary schools (extracted from 28 articles) are summarized in Table 5. The data and variables about the impact of father’s and mother’s education, and bathing and hair washing frequency on P. capitis infestation level of primary school students (extracted from 49 articles) are summarized in Table 6.
The data and variables about P. capitis infestation in private and public in rural and urban areas, the impact of the existence of bathing facilities in student residences and health instructor involvement in student schools, history of infestation, and sharing equipment on P. capitis infestation level in students of primary schools (extracted from 55 articles) are summarized in Table 7. The data and variables for the impact of age and education, family income, and hair length and style on P. capitis infestation level of primary school students (extracted from 59 articles) are summarized in Table 8. Overall, a total of 155 articles were used, of which 126 were used in data extraction, and 29 were used for discussion, interpretation, and body text.
Statistical analysis
The location of provinces (Fig. 1a), the meridians 50°E, 55°E, and 60°E, and the tropics 30°N and 35°N (Fig. 1d), and the geographic (Fig. 1b, 1c) and climatic regions of Iran were taken into account for any statistical analysis. The climatic regions of Iran include moderate and humid climatic region (the southern shores of the Caspian Sea), cold climatic region (the Western mountains), semidesert and temperate climatic region, hot and dry climatic region (the central plateau), and hot and humid climatic region (the south coast). The median and interquartile range (IQR) were reported from descriptive statistics. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare infestation rates (Table 9). The trends were designed based on the means of infestation each year (Figs 1–4). The trends of P. capitis infestation in the provinces (Fig. 2), the geographic and climatic regions (Fig. 3), seasons, and the meridians 50°E, 55°E and 60°E and the tropics 30°N and 35°N (Fig. 4) of Iran were designed. The distribution and stratification of the P. capitis infestation in Iran were provided based on the regression coefficient (Fig. 5). Interaction modeling with multivariable Poisson regression was conducted for the interaction time trends of the categorical variables with enough observations (Table 10). All the analyses were performed by R programming version 4.3.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Austria). The trends were shown on the geographical map of Iran using ArcMap 10.8.2 (Esri Inc., US).
Table 9. Descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis test comparison of factor impact on P. capitis infestation level, based on a literature search
Variables | Median (IQR) | P-values | Pc-values | Variables | Median (IQR) | P-values | Pc-values | Variables | Median (IQR) | P-values | Pc-values |
Population | Private and public schools | Ardabil | 4.5 (2.1–10.3) | ||||||||
Preschools | 5.1 (2.2–7.9) | < 0.001 | < 0.05 | Private | 6.5 (0.73–14.2) | 0.462 | > 0.05 | Bushehr | 2.9 (2.4–12.0) | ||
Primary schools | 8.4 (3.2–17.4) | Public | 8.3 (5.5–17.2) | Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari | 0.35 (0.24– 0.59) | ||||||
Community | 5.5 (1.8–10.0) | Rural and urban areas | East Azerbaijan | 4.2 (2.8–7.8) | |||||||
Community age groups | 2.6 (1.4–6.0) | Rural | 3.6 (1.6–14.6) | 0.329 | > 0.05 | Fars | 4.2 (0.72–7.4) | ||||
Student age groups | Urban | 1.7 (0.75–10.4) | Gilan | 8.5 (3.8–10.1) | |||||||
6 years | 8.6 (7.3–24.0) | 0.880 | > 0.05 | Student education levels | Golestan | 5.4 (4.1–9.0) | |||||
7 years | 11.1 (3.3–19.7) | First grade | 10.9 (3.6–20.0) | 0.894 | > 0.05 | Hamadan | 5.6 (1.7–16.7) | ||||
8 years | 9.8 (3.1–16.3) | Second grade | 9.8 (3.1–16.3) | Hormozgan | 33.3 (20.9–59.4) | ||||||
9 years | 10.0 (3.0–18.6) | Third grade | 10.0 (3.0–18.6) | Ilam | 5.6 (0.97–32.4) | ||||||
10 years | 8.8 (2.4–17.2) | Fourth grade | 8.8 (2.4–17.2) | Isfahan | 0.75 (0.41–1.5) | ||||||
11 years | 8.8 (2.9–18.2) | Fifth grade | 8.8 (2.9–18.2) | Kerman | 2.9 (1.3– 0.68) | ||||||
12 years | 5.8 (2.9–14.2) | Sixth grade | 5.8 (2.9–14.2) | Kermanshah | 10.4 (5.7–16.1) | ||||||
Community targets | Community age groups | Khuzestan | 11.0 (3.0–25.8) | ||||||||
Community | 10.1 (4. 5–20.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.05 | 6-18 years | 2.4 (1.2–5.2) | 0.004 | > 0.05 | Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad | 9.3 (1.4–17.2) | ||
Health centers | 10.0 (5.6–17.8) | 19-29 years | 7.3 (5.9–9.3) | Kurdistan | 8.4 (4.8–22.0) | ||||||
Secondary schools | 5.0 (3.0–6.4) | 30-60 years | 9.9 (7.9–11.9) | Lorestan | 3.8 (2.2–10.5) | ||||||
Student community | 1.9 (0.92–3.4) | > 60 years | 2.3 (1.2–3.2) | Markazi | 1.8 (1.5–2.5) | ||||||
Gender | Family income level | Mazandaran | 6.5 (2.0– 17.8) | ||||||||
Boys | 1.8 (0.53–5.4) | < 0.001 | < 0.05 | Poor | 18.2 (16.4–25.4) | 0.024 | > 0.05 | North Khorasan | 5.3 (3.0–11.6) | ||
Girls | 12.4 (5.9–20.0) | Medium | 12.6 (7.3–17.9) | Qazvin | 1.9 (1.7–2.3) | ||||||
Both (boys and girls) | 1.8 (0.53–5.4) | Rich | 5.9 (3.2–14.2) | Qom | 12.2 (7.5–17.4) | ||||||
Fatherʼs education levels | Motherʼs education levels | Razavi Khorasan | 13.1 (10.6–15.5) | ||||||||
Population | Private and public schools | Ardabil | |||||||||
Illiterate | 18.6 (10.3–26.5) | < 0.001 | < 0.05 | Illiterate | 20.4 (9.3–26.6) | < 0.001 | < 0.05 | Semnan | 5.9 (4.1 – 15.5) | ||
Primary schools | 9.2 (5.1–20.4) | Primary schools | 8.0 (4.0–18.5) | Sistan and Baluchestan | 25.2 (9.2–30.4) | ||||||
Secondary schools | 7.5 (2.8–15.5) | Secondary schools | 4.7 (1.7–10.15) | South Khorasan | 13.6 (9.3–15.8) | ||||||
University or higher | 5.4 (1.9–7.7) | University or higher | 3.3 (0.72–8.7) | Tehran | 5.5 (1.5–20.4) | ||||||
Bathing frequency | Hair washing frequency | West Azerbaijan | 3.6 (3.5–5.5) | ||||||||
Once two weeks | 11.3 (1.3–21.3) | 0.380 | > 0.05 | Once two weeks | 5.0 (1.3–8.7) | 0.380 | > 0.05 | Yazd | 13.4 (9.0–16.7) | ||
once a week | 11.3 (5.8–17.0) | once a week | 10.6 (3.7–23.4) | Zanjan | 1.9 (0.77–6.9) | ||||||
twice a week | 6.4 (3.4–12.7) | twice a week | 4.9 (1.3–14.4) | Years | |||||||
≥ 3 | 10.1 (6.1–19.0) | ≥ 3 | 6.8 (3.7–11.0) | 1999 | 3.7 (0.95–8.6) | < 0.001 | < 0.05 | ||||
BFE | History of infestation | 2000 | 5.1 (5.1–5.1) | ||||||||
Yes | 4.5 (2.4–8.3) | 0.034 | > 0.05 | Yes | 41.4 (34.1–47.1) | 0.003 | > 0.05 | 2001 | 12.0 (1.6–22.0) | ||
No | 14.9 (6.0–39.7) | No | 8.6 (4.0–9.3) | 2002 | 14.1 (9.2–19.2) | ||||||
HII | Sharing equipment | 2003 | 26.3 (25.2–30.4) | ||||||||
Yes | 6.5 (3.9–13.0) | 0.023 | > 0.05 | Yes | 13.2 (7.4–27.4) | 0.002 | > 0.05 | 2004 | 4.5 (3.6–4.9) | ||
No | 13.4 (6.4–19.2) | No | 5.7 (3.0–12.6) | 2005 | 5.7 (3.1–12.3) | ||||||
Student hair length | Student hair style | 2006 | 10.7 (8.5–19.6) | ||||||||
Short | 5.7 (3.0–13.8) | 0.186 | > 0.05 | Straight | 5.9 (3.0–12.6) | 0.770 | > 0.05 | 2007 | 10.9 (7.1–17.4) | ||
Medium | 9.0 (4.4–14.6) | Curly | 6.2 (3.6–14.3) | 2008 | 2.7 (1.3–4.9) | ||||||
Long | 11.5 (5.8–17.2) | Wavy | 9.1 (2.6–16.2) | 2009 | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | ||||||
Regions | Climatic regions | 2010 | 3.7 (2.3–7.7) | ||||||||
Region 1 | 6.3 (2.8–15.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.05 | Moderate and humid climatea | 6.2 (2.9–11.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.05 | 2011 | 6.3 (3.5–29.7) | ||
Region 2 | 5.5 (0.86–24.0) | Cold climateb | 6.9 (2.7–14.2) | 2012 | 5.7 (3.5–14.6) | ||||||
Region 3 | 5.7 (3.2–10.7) | Semidesert and temperate climate | 3.9 (0.74–11.5) | 2013 | 11.2 (6.8 – 17.5) | ||||||
Region 4 | 9.1 (2.8–18.8) | Hot and dry climatec | 8.6 (3.3–17.9) | 2014 | 2.9 (1.4–9.8) | ||||||
Region 5 | 10.6 (3.8–16.0) | Hot and humid climate | 18.5 (4.8–30.4) | 2015 | 3.9 (2.4–7.9) | ||||||
Family size | Seasons | 2016 | 5.0 (2.0–9.5) | ||||||||
Ⅲ | 6.1 (2.7–14.1) | 0.073 | > 0.05 | Spring | 5.7 (2.7 – 11.0) | 0.009 | > 0.05 | 2017 | 36.0 (15.5–60.4) | ||
Ⅳ | 6.7 (3.3–13.6) | Summer | 5.5 (2.2– 10.6) | 2018 | 6.8 (2.1–12.5) | ||||||
Ⅴ | 9.9 (5.7–17.0) | Autumn | 6.8 (2.2–15.5) | 2019 | 14.6 (4.5–20.4) | ||||||
Ⅵ | 13.9 (6.7–20.4) | Winter | 7.8 (3.2–20.3) | 2020 | 9.0 (3.3–20.3) | ||||||
≥ 7 | 13.3 (4.8–23.7) | Provinces | 2021 | 5.0 (3.2–20.7) | |||||||
Alborz | 1.9 (1.8–2.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.05 | 2022 | 15.9 (7.7–20.8) |
Due to the right skewness of the distribution, instead of the mean and standard deviation, the median and the interquartile range of the P. capitis infestation percentage were reported. For this reason, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used instead of an ANOVA. Since most tests are hypothesis-free, Pc-values is the criterion for declaring significance, and raw P-values is invalid. The simultaneously significant P- and Pc-values (P < 0.05) are shown in bold font. BFE ‒ bathing facility existence in student residences, HII ‒ health instructor involvement in student schools, Pc ‒ corrected P-value based on Bonferroni correction (26 simultaneous tests), IQR ‒ inter-quartile range. a The southern shores of the Caspian Sea, b the Western mountains, c the central plateau, d the South coast.
Figure 1. a – Map of the territory of the 31 provinces of Iran (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran ). b – the map of geographic regions of Iran. c – the geographic regions of Iran (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Iran). d – location of the meridians 50°E, 55°E and 60°E, and the tropics 30°N and 35°N in Iran (source: https://www.mapsofworld.com/iran/) (Beck et al., 2018).
Figure 2. A. The trends of P. capitis infestation in the provinces of Iran: a – Ardabil, b – Bushehr, c – Fars, d – Gilan, e – Golestan, f – Hamadan, g – Hormozgan, h – Kerman, i – Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, j – Lorestan, k – Semnan, l – Sistan and Baluchestan, m – South Khorasan, n – Yazd, o – Razavi Khorasan.
Figure 2. B. The trends of P. capitis infestation in the provinces of Iran: a – Alborz, b – Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, c – East Azerbaijan, d – Ilam, e – Isfahan, f – Kermanshah, g – Khuzestan, h – Kurdistan, i – Markazi, j – Mazandaran, k – North Khorasan, l – Qazvin, m – Qom, n – Tehran, o – West Azerbaijan, p – Zanjan.
Figure 3. The trends of P. capitis infestation in the geographic and climatic regions of Iran based on Fig. 1: a – the geographic region one, b – the geographic region two, c – the geographic region three, d – the geographic region four, e – the geographic region five, f – overall, g – the moderate and humid climatic region (the southern shores of the Caspian Sea), h – the cold climatic region (the western mountains), i – the semidesert and temperate climatic region, j – the hot and dry climatic region (the central plateau), k – the hot and humid climatic region (the south coast).
Figure 4. The trends of P. capitis infestation during seasons and in the meridians 50°E, 55°E and 60°E, and the tropics 30°N and 35°N: a – spring, b – summer, c – autumn, d – winter, e – the meridian 50°E, f – the meridian 55°E, g – the meridian 60°E, h – the tropic 30°N, i – the tropic 35°N.
Figure 5. The distribution and stratification of the P. capitis infestation in Iran based on the regression coefficient
Results
The trends of P. capitis infestation in provinces
The trends of P. capitis infestation in 14 provinces out of 31 provinces including Ardabil (Fig. 2Aa), Bushehr (Fig. 2Ab), Fars (Fig. 2Ac), Gilan (Fig. 2Ad), Golestan (Fig. 2Ae), Hamadan (Fig. 2Af), Hormozgan (Fig. 2Ag), Kerman (Fig. 2Ah), Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad (Fig. 2Ai), Lorestan (Fig. 2Aj), Semnan (Fig. 2Ak), Sistan and Baluchestan (Fig. 2Al), South Khorasan (Fig. 2Am), and Yazd (Fig. 2An) have increased over the last two decades. The trend of P. capitis infestation in Razavi Khorasan province has stayed the same over the previous two decades (Fig. 2Ao). The trends of P. capitis infestation in 16 provinces including Alborz (Fig. 2Ba), Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (Fig. 2Bb), East Azerbaijan (Fig. 2Bc), Ilam (Fig. 2Bd), Isfahan (Fig. 2Be), Kermanshah (Fig. 2Bf), Khuzestan (Fig. 2Bg), Kurdistan (Fig. 2Bh), Markazi (Fig. 2Bi), Mazandaran (Fig. 2Bj), North Khorasan (Fig. 2Bk), Qazvin (Fig. 2Bl), Qom (Fig. 2Bm), Tehran (Fig. 2Bn), West Azerbaijan (Fig. 2Bo), and Zanjan (Fig. 2Bp) have decreased over the last two decades.
The trends of P. capitis infestation in the geographic and climatic regions
The trends of P. capitis infestation in geographic regions one (Fig. 3a), two (Fig. 3b), and five (Fig. 3e) have increased over the last two decades. The trends of P. capitis infestation in geographic regions three (Fig. 3c) and four (Fig. 3d) have decreased over the previous two decades. The trends of P. capitis infestation in moderate and humid (the southern shores of the Caspian Sea) (Fig. 3g), hot and dry (the central plateau) (Fig. 3j), and hot and humid (the south coast) (Fig. 3k) climatic regions have increased over the last two decades. The trend of P. capitis infestation in semidesert and temperate climatic region has stayed the same over the previous two decades (Fig. 3i). The trend of P. capitis infestation in the cold (the western mountains) climatic region has decreased over the last two decades (Fig. 3h). The trend of P. capitis infestation overall has increased over the previous two decades (Fig. 3f).
The trends of P. capitis infestation during seasons and in the meridians and the tropics
Infestation trends of P. capitis in spring (Fig. 4a), summer (Fig. 4b), winter (Fig. 4d), and along the meridian 50°E (Fig. 4e) have decreased over the last two decades. The trends of P. capitis infestation in autumn (Fig. 4c), along the meridians 55°E (Fig. 4f) and 60°E (Fig. 4g), and the tropics 30°N (Fig. 4h) and 35°N (Fig. 4i) have increased over the last two decades.
The distribution and stratification of the P. capitis infestation
Based on the regression coefficient, the distribution and stratification of the P. capitis infestation in Iran are as follows: -ꝏ–-0.40, -0.40–-0.20, -0.20–0.00, 0.00–0.20, 0.20–0.40, and 0.40–+ꝏ (Fig. 5).
Statistical analysis of P. capitis infestation and comparison of factor impacts on P. capitis infestation level
The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference between P. capitis infestation in climatic regions, community targets, gender, population, provinces, regions, and years (Pc < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the factors of the father’s and mother’s education levels on P. capitis infestation levels (Pc < 0.05) (Table 9). Interaction modeling with Poisson regression showed a significant difference between P. capitis infestation in the primary school population and climatic regions (P < 0.05) (Table 10).
Table 10. Interaction modeling with Poisson regression
Interaction with time trend (years) | IRR (95% CI) | P-value |
Gender | ||
Boys | 0.99809 (1.00117–0.19671) | 0.104 |
Girls | 0.99772 (1.00117–0.14399) | 0.0526 |
Both (boys and girls) | 0.99833 (1.00117–0.24171) | 0.1556 |
Population | ||
Primary schools | 1.00013 (1.00004–17.11576) | 0.0045 * |
Community | 1.00003 (1.00004–1.90027) | 0.5208 |
Community age groups | 0.99993 (1.00004–0.27637) | 0.1985 |
Climatic region | ||
Cold climate (the Western mountains) | 1.00004 (1.00001–60.0994) | < 0.001* |
Semidesert and temperate climate | 0.9999 (1.00004–0.0015) | < 0.001* |
Hot and dry climate (the central plateau) | 1.00009 (1.00001–>10000) | < 0.001* |
Hot and humid climate (the south coast) | 1.00043 (1.00001––>10000) | < 0.001* |
* Significant at the level of 0.05. The significant P-values (P < 0.05) are shown in bold font.
IRR ‒ incidence rate ratio (H0: IRR = 1), CI ‒ confidence interval.
Interaction modeling with Poisson regression
The interactions of time trends with gender, population, and climatic region were investigated. Accordingly, the interaction of time trends with the primary school population was statistically significant and increased by 1.00013 times the incidence of infestation. Regarding climatic regions, semidesert and temperate region showed a statistically significant interaction that decreased 0.9999 times the incidence of infestation, while the other interactions of time trends with climatic regions were increasing. Gender groups did not significantly interact with the time trend (Table 10).
Discussion
The trends of P. capitis infestation have increased in about half of the country’s provinces over the previous two decades (Fig. 2A). Although these provinces are scattered throughout all geographic regions, they are mostly in one, two, and five geographic areas (Fig. 1a, 1b and 1c). That is why the trends of P. capitis infestation in geographic regions one (Fig. 3a), two (Fig. 3b), and five (Fig. 3e) have increased. These provinces are mostly located in the climatic regions of moderate and humid (the southern shores of the Caspian Sea), hot and dry (the central plateau), and hot and humid (the south coast) (Fig. 1e). For this reason, it is predictable that the trends of P. capitis infestation in moderate and humid (the southern shores of the Caspian Sea) (Fig. 3g), hot and dry (the central plateau) (Fig. 3j), and hot and humid (the south coast) (Fig. 3k) climatic regions will increase over the last two decades. Regarding the distribution and stratification of the P. capitis infestation, they are in the range of 0.00–0.20, 0.20–0.40, and 0.40–+ꝏ in the regression coefficient (Fig. 5).
The trends of P. capitis infestation have decreased in about half of the country’s provinces over the previous two decades (Fig. 2B). Although these provinces are scattered throughout all geographic regions, they are mostly in three and four geographic regions (Fig. 1a, 1b and 1c). That is why the trends of P. capitis infestation in geographic areas three (Fig. 3c) and four (Fig. 3d) have decreased. These provinces are mostly located in the cold climatic region (the western mountains) (Fig. 1e). For this reason, it is predictable that the trend of P. capitis infestation in the cold (the Western mountains) climatic region will decrease over the last two decades (Fig. 3h). Regarding the distribution and stratification of the P. capitis infestation, they are in the range of -ꝏ–-0.40, -0.40–-0.20, and -0.20–0.00 in the regression coefficient (Fig. 5).
A critical point is that, for the first time in this study, the impact of the meridians and the tropics that pass through Iran was also evaluated on P. capitis infestation. For this reason, the effect of the meridians at 50°E, 55°E and 60°E, and the tropics at 30°N and 35°N on P. capitis infestation trends in Iran was investigated. Based on the results of the study, the trends of P. capitis infestation in the meridians 55°E (Fig. 4f) and 60°E (Fig. 4g), and the tropics 30°N (Fig. 4h) and 35°N (Fig. 4i) have increased over the last two decades. The trend of P. capitis infestation in the meridian 50°E has decreased (Fig. 4e). These results are also a reflection of the geographic and climatic regions that were described and interpreted above. The reason is that the trend of P. capitis infestation has only increased in autumn (Fig. 4c), and the trends of P. capitis infestation have decreased in spring (Fig. 4a), summer (Fig. 4b), and winter (Fig. 4d) over the last two decades. The occurrence of P. capitis infestation varies according to the year’s seasonal circulation, with a maximum in late summer and early autumn. During the summer, particularly during the summer holidays, more frequent and intensive head-to-head contact may occur than during other periods of the year. During the summer months, and particularly during the summer holidays, children have more head contacts per unit of time than during other periods of the year. Besides, travel increases the likelihood that other children are encountered, of whom one or another might be infested with head lice. The increased exposure would then build up a reservoir of infested children when school opens after the summer holidays. In addition, longevity and fecundity depend on environmental factors such as air temperature and humidity, which have important consequences on collective biology such as the propagation of lice populations and their dispersion (Bauer et al., 2009; Nasirian, 2023b).
Lice infestation is very common in a community and is relatively higher in younger age groups compared with the adult population. The highest level of P. capitis infestation has been observed among primary school students in the population (8.4%). The highest level of P. capitis infestation has been observed in 7-year-old students (11.0%) and, as a result, at the first-grade educational level (10.9%). The P. capitis infestation level among girls (12.4%) was 6.9 times higher than boys (1.8%) because they have longer and thicker hair, which provides an optimal environment for the growth and occurrence of head lice. Furthermore, girls are more likely to spend their time in nearby play areas and engage during play in more head-to-head contact. Head lice also flourish indoors, while boys tend to spend more time outdoors engaging in active informal sporting activities (Alberfkani and Mero, 2020; Nasirian and Ahmadi, 2024). The highest level of P. capitis infestation has been observed among the regions five (10.6%) and four (9.1%), respectively. The highest level of P. capitis infestation has been observed in the hot and humid climatic region (18.5%). The highest level of P. capitis infestation has been observed in winter (7.8%) and autumn (6.8%), respectively. The students in public schools (8.3%) and rural areas (3.6%) are more infested with P. capitis than those in private schools (6.5%) and urban areas (1.7%). Compared to the global average P. capitis infestation level (25%) (Nasirian and Ahmadi, 2024), the most infested provinces and years have been Hormozgan (33.3%), Sistan and Baluchestan (25.2%), and 2017 (36.0%) and 2003 (26.3%), respectively (Table 9).
Based on the intensity of P. capitis infestation, the order of the influence of the factors that affect infestation is: history of infestation (in case of existence: 41.4%), mother’s education level (illiterate: 20.4%), father’s education level (illiterate: 18.6%), family income level (poor: 18.2%), bathing facility existence in student residences (in case of absence: 14.9%), family size (if Ⅵ persons or ≥ 7: 13.9 or 13.3%), health instructor involvement in student schools (in case of absence: 13.4%), sharing equipment (in case of existence: 13.2%), bathing frequency (once two weeks or once a week: 11.3%), hair washing frequency (once a week: 10.6%), and student hairstyle (wavy: 9.1%) (Table 9). The factors such as locality, regions, climatic regions, the meridians and the tropics, and years that were measured in this study should also be added.
Poisson regression modeling is used to study the effects of risk and protective factors on the incidence rate of an outcome. In our case, interaction modeling demonstrated that primary schools have a synergistic impact on time trends. In addition, the Western mountains, the central plateau, and the southeast showed synergistic effects with time trends on the incidence of the outcome. Adherence to proper hygiene practices, such as frequent hair washing and refraining from sharing personal items, can mitigate the risk of head lice infestation. Individuals suffering from head lice must minimize close contact with others until they are fully treated to prevent transmission (Galván-Casas et al., 2024). By fostering awareness about head lice infestations and ensuring access to effective treatments, Iran can work towards diminishing the incidence of this widespread issue among school-aged children. A collaborative effort between healthcare providers, schools, and families is essential for addressing and managing head lice infestations within the community (Alshaer, 2023). Education is very important for the progress of any country and depends on the health of its community.
Conclusion
The findings provide the national baseline data to initiate steps for national pediculosis intervention programs.
Acknowledgments
We kindly acknowledge the researchers (Nasirian, 2023a, 2023b; Nasirian and Ahmadi, 2024) of the studies used in this paper. We are grateful to the publisher of the previous studies for permission to use the data. This work did not receive any technical or financial support from any institution and was done by the authors at their own expense.
Authors’ contributions. Hassan Nasirian conceptualized the study and wrote the manuscript. Seyyed Amir Yasin Ahmadi performed the statistical analysis. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This work did not receive any technical or financial support from any institution and was done by the authors at their own personal expense.
Data availability
The authors declare that they are satisfied with the availability of data and materials online.
Ethical treatment of animals
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
None.
Авторлар туралы
Hassan Nasirian
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Хат алмасуға жауапты Автор.
Email: hanasirian@yahoo.com
Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Institute for Environmental Research (IER)
Иран, Tehran, 1417613151Seyyed Ahmadi
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Email: yasin_ahmadi73@yahoo.com
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute
Иран, Tehran, 1449614535Әдебиет тізімі
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