


Vol 61, No 3 (2016)
- Year: 2016
- Articles: 23
- URL: https://journal-vniispk.ru/0036-0236/issue/view/10198
Synthesis and Properties of Inorganic Compounds
Synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite in the presence of iron(III) ions
Abstract
The effect of small amounts of iron(III) ions on the morphology, phase composition, and structure of the products of the hydroxyapatite (HAP) synthesis has been studied by electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and Mossbauer spectroscopy methods. It has been demonstrated that the introduction of dopant iron(III) ions into the reaction mixture at different stages of HAP formation makes it possible to control crystal growth, morphology, and phase composition. The iron ions are not incorporated into the HAP crystal structure; rather, they form their proper nanophase, as well as adsorption clusters on the HAP surface.



Carbon nanofibers–SiO2 composites: Preparation and characterization
Abstract
A method has been developed for preparing carbon fibers–SiO2 composites using oligomethylhydridesiloxane (OMHS) as the precursor for SiO2. The presence of active hydrogen in OMHS made it possible to attain chemical interaction between the surface of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and the applied silicon oxide layer. The oxidation rate of CNF–SiO2 composite is found to be lower by about one order of magnitude compared to that of the as-synthesized CNF. The thermal stability of CNF–SiO2 composites has been studied. Under an inert atmosphere, CNF–SiO2 composite has thermal stability up to 1300°C. At temperatures above 1350°C, silicon carbide (SiC) fibers are formed as a result of the carbothermal reduction of silicon oxide.



Effects of base composition and dopants on the properties of hexagonal ferrites
Abstract
The effects of the base composition and dopants on the saturation magnetization and coercivity of hexaferrites BaAlxFe12–xO19, SrAlxFe12–xO19, BaGaxFe12–xO19, SrGaxFe12–xO19, BaScxFe12–xO19 and SrScxFe12–xO19 have been studied. Isomorphic substitutions of Al2O3, Ga2O3, and Sc2O3 for Fe2O3 in barium and strontium ferrites are found to increase coercivity due to increasing crystallographic anisotropy constant and to reduce the saturation magnetization value. Processes controlling microstructure formation, specifically recrystallization processes, are shown to have a noticeable effect on the level of properties of the ferrites under study with the use of dopants. The most efficient dopants are boron, calcium, and silicon oxides, which provide the formation of relatively fine-grained structures. The increased coercivity upon doping with these dopants is also due to the formation of grain-boundary interlayers of a nonmagnetic glassy phase and the associated efficient retardation of moving domain walls.



Structure and thermal decomposition of Cs2HPO4 · 2H2O
Abstract
The thermal transformations of disubstituted cesium orthophosphate crystal hydrate under heating in air up to 400°C have been studied. The dehydration process occurs in two stages with the loss of 0.6 water molecules at 60‒100°C and 1.4 water molecules at 100‒160°C. Anhydrous Cs2HPO4 is stable up to 300°C and is completely converted into cesium pyrophosphate Cs4P2O7 at 330°C. The structure of Cs2HPO4 · 2H2O has been determined. The compound crystallizes in monoclinic space group P21/c and has the unit cell parameters a = 7.4761(5) Å, b = 14.2125(8) Å, c = 7.9603(6) Å, β = 116.914(5)°, V = 754.20(9) Å3, and Z = 4 at‒123°C. An earlier unknown polymorph of Cs4P2O7 has been found. According to X-ray powder diffraction data, hexagonal space group Р63 has been proposed for the formed pyrophosphate.



Synthesis and thermal dehydration of hexaaquarhodium(III) phosphates
Abstract
Complex salts [Rh(H2O)6]PO4 (I) and [Rh(H2O)6]PO4 · H2O (II) were obtained. Dehydration processes of compounds I and II were studied by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The heat effect for the loss of 0.82 ± 0.01 H2O (hydration) molecule was found to be 54 ± 1 kJ/mol, while that for the loss of coordinated H2O is 47 ± 1 kJ/mol (for I) and 43 ± 1 kJ/mol (for II). The solid phases of dehydration products were studied by X-ray powder diffraction, IR and 31P MAS NMR spectroscopy, and they were found to be polymers.



Specifics of reactions of cerium sulfate and europium sulfate with hydrogen
Abstract
Reactions of cerium sulfate and europium sulfate with hydrogen have been studied. Diagrams showing the evolution of phase composition of the polycrystalline products of reaction between europium sulfate and hydrogen are constructed. The reaction of Ce2(SO4)3 with hydrogen at 600°С consecutively yields Ce2O2S and Ce2O3 phases. At 800°С the batch is >95 mol % Ce2O3. At 480-500°С, a single-phase sample of EuSO4 is prepared; at 600-1000°С, Eu2O2S is prepared; and at 1050°С, the batch is >95 mol % Eu2O2S and up to 5 mol % Eu2O3. Atomic-force microscopy shows that europium sulfate grains, which represent agglomerates of particles 10-20 μm in size, are degraded upon reaction with hydrogen into individual ovalshaped particles sized 40-60 × 130-200 nm.



Coordination Compounds
Nickel(II) complexes with boron cluster anions [BnHn]2– (n = 10, 12) and azaheterocyclic ligands L (L = Bipy, Phen, BPA, and DAB)
Abstract
The effect of the nature of azaheterocyclic ligands L (L is 1,2-diaminobenzene, 2,2’-bipyridyl-amine, 2,2’-bipyridyl, or 1,10-phenanthroline) on the composition and structure of nickel(II) coordination compounds with the [BnHn]2– anions (n = 10, 12) has been studied. Conditions to isolate complexes of general formulas [NiL2(H2O)2][BnHn] and [NiL3][BnHn] have been found. The structures of [Ni(DAB)2(H2O)2][B10H10] · H2O, [Ni(BPA)2(H2O)2][B10H10] · 3H2O, [Ni(Bipy)3][B10H10], [Ni(Bipy)3][B10H10] · 3CH3CN · 0.5H2O, [Ni(Phen)3][B10H10] · 4DMF · 0.32H2O[Ni(Phen)3][B12H12] · 1.5DMF · 0.25H2O, and [Ni(Phen)3](Et3NH)[B10H10]1.5 · 1.75CH3CN have been determined by X-ray diffraction. Structural features of the complexes including intermolecular contacts of different elements of the structures are discussed.



Experimental and theoretical study of Zn(II) complexation with ceftriaxone
Abstract
Complexation of Zn2+ cations with antibiotic ceftriaxone anions (Ctx2–) has been studies by pH-metric titration at 25°С and a ionic strength of 0.1 (KNO3). The formation of the ZnCtx complex has been revealed, and logβ(ZnCtx) = 4.45 ± 0.09 has been calculated. The computer model of the complex has been calculated by the DFT method with the use of the B3LYP hybrid functional and the LACV3P**+ basis set. According to these calculations, Zn(II) in the complex has the coordination number 4 and a nearly tetrahedral coordination sphere and is coordinated to Ctx2– through carboxylate, β-lactam, and hydroxytriazinone oxygen atoms and the thiazole nitrogen atom. Formation of the chelate structure accounts for the high stability of the complex.



Triphenylbismuth bis(3,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonate): Synthesis and structure
Abstract
Triphenylbismuth bis(3,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonate) Ph3Bi(OSO2C6H3Me2-3,4)2 (I) has been synthesized by the reaction between triphenylbismuth and 3,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonic acid in the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide (1: 2: 1 mol) in ether. The bismuth atom in complex I has a trigonal bipyramidal coordination to arenesulfonates substituents in axial positions (axial OBiO angle, 173.99(8)°; equatorial CBiC angles, 106.94(11)°, 112.24(11)°, 140.77(11)°). The Bi‒C distances are 2.189(3), 2.192(3), and 2.197(3) Å; the Bi‒O distances are 2.284(2) and 2.301(2) Å. Some intramolecular contacts are observed between the central atom and the oxygen atoms of sulfonate groups at the maximum equatorial angle (Bi···O 3.122(3), 3.189(4) Å).



Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry



Solvent and substitution effects on the structure and properties of a half-sandwich complex of vanadium with a terminal borylene ligand: Theoretical study
Abstract
The structures and properties of a terminal borylene vanadium complexes CpV(CO)3(BNH2) were explored using theoretical methods. The density of states (DOS) was beneficially used to analyze the main features of electronic structure. The influence of solvent on the structural parameters, frontier orbital energies and wavelength absorption maxima (λmax) of this structure was studied. These calculations were performed in different solvents, i.e. cyclohexane, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, chlorobenzene, and chloroform, utilizing the self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) theory. Also, substituent effect in CpV(CO)3(BNR2) complexes on the structure and properties was investigated.



Topology of melting diagrams of ternary reciprocal systems without continuous solid solutions
Abstract
The topological properties were considered for melting diagrams of ternary reciprocal systems with constant-composition phases or with isomorphic diagrams with limited solid solutions. An algorithm for constructing the diagrams was described, and an example was given for a melting diagram with one binary peritectic compound and two ternary stoichiometric compounds, all melting without decomposition. A problem of enumeration of all the phase diagrams with such a set of compounds was solved.






Physical Methods of Investigation
Thermodynamics of high-purity calcium production
Abstract
We present the results of thermodynamic analysis of the behavior of gaseous and gas-forming impurities at different stages of calcium production, including electrolysis of calcium chloride, vacuum distillation of calcium from copper–calcium alloy, mechanical dispersing, and remelting and granulation of distilled calcium from the melt. The mechanisms of transfer of H, C, N, and O impurities at all stages of the processes under study are discussed. It is shown that in order to produce high-purity calcium, deep degassing needs to be performed when heating the materials loaded at the distillation, remelting, and granulation stages under condition that the equipment is highly air-tight. Distillation of calcium is recommended to be carried out at temperatures that exceed the process start temperature by no more than 20 K.



Interaction between gaseous oxygen and germanium melt
Abstract
Interaction between the residual gaseous oxygen and germanium melt is analyzed. There is a quantitative relationship between oxygen concentration in a growing germanium single crystal, oxygen partial pressure in an inert gas, and water vapor pressure in hydrogen. The suggested theoretical interpretation of the interaction between oxygen and germanium melt is experimentally validated.



Physicochemical Analysis of Inorganic Systems
Tree of phases of the quinary reciprocal system Li, K || F, Br, MoO4, WO4 and study of the stable tetrahedron LiF–KBr–Li2MoO4–Li2WO4
Abstract
The quinary reciprocal system Li, K || F, Br, MoO4, WO4 was partitioned into simplexes using graph theory by writing an adjacency matrix and solving a logical expression. A tree of phases of the system was constructed. The tree of phases has a linear structure and consists of four stable partitioning tetrahedra, two stable pentatopes, and three stable hexatopes. In the quinary reciprocal system Li, K || F, Br, MoO4, WO4, crystallizing phases were predicted. The stable tetrahedron LiF–KBr–Li2MoO4–Li2WO4 of the quinary reciprocal system Li, K || F, Br, MoO4, WO4 was studied by differential thermal analysis and X-ray powder diffraction. There are no invariant equilibrium points in the tetrahedron. Continuous series of solid solutions Li2MoxW1–xO4 do not decompose.



Stable tetrahedron of lithium bromide, metavanadate, and molybdate and potassium bromide in the Li, K || Br, VO3, MoO4 quaternary reciprocal System
Abstract
Phase equilibria in the LiBr–LiVO3–Li2MoO4–KBr quaternary system (the stable tetrahedron of the quaternary reciprocal system Li, K || Br, VO3, MoO4) were studied by differential thermal analysis. The composition and melting point of a quaternary eutectic were determined: 56.7 mol % LiBr, 1.5 mol % LiVO3, 4.9 mol % Li2MoO4, 36.9 mol % KBr, 321°C.



Solubility in the manganese perchlorate–urea–perchloric acid–water system at 25°С
Abstract
Heterogeneous equilibria in the manganese perchlorate–urea–perchloric acid–water quaternary system at 25°С were studied by investigating solubility. The crystallization regions were determined for the initial solid components, eutonic compositions of ternary systems constituting the quaternary system, binary compounds of urea with manganese perchlorate and perchloric acid, and also two new coordination compounds containing simultaneously manganese perchlorate, urea, and perchloric acid: Mn(ClO4)2 · 4CO(NH2)2 · HClO4 and Mn(ClO4)2 · 2CO(NH2)2 · HClO4.



Physical Chemistry of Solutions
Extraction of rare earths and scandium by 2-phosphorylphenoxyacetic acid amides in the presence of ionic liquids
Abstract
The distribution of Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Sc between aqueous solutions of their salts and solutions of 2-phosphorylphenoxy acid amides in dichloroethane containing an ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide) have been studied. Metal ion extraction has been found to increase considerably in the presence of this ionic liquid in the organic phase. The stoichiometries of extractable complexes have been determined. The influence of aqueous HNO3 concentration and of the nature of extractant and ionic liquid on the efficiency of REE(III) and scandium(III) recovery to the organic phase has been considered.



Bis(diphenylphosphorylmethyl) ethers of oligo(ethylene glycols) Ph2P(O)CH2O(CH2CH2O)nCH2P(O)Ph2 (n = 1–3): Complexation and extraction of rare-earth elements. Crystal structure of [NdL3(NO3)3(H2O)]
Abstract
Bis(diphenylphosphorylmethyl) ethers of oligo(ethylene glycols) Ph2P(O)CH2O(CH2CH2O)nCH2P(O)Ph2 (Ln, where n = 1-3) and coordination compounds of Nd and Er with L3 are synthesized. The dependence of extractability of L1-3 on the structure of complexes in the 1,1,7-trihydrododecafluoroheptanol–water system at a concentration of HNO3 0.5-6.0 mol/L is determined. The crystal structure of [NdL3(NO3)3(H2O)] is studied by X-ray diffraction.



Metal exchange of Cd(II) octaphenyltetraazaporphyrin with d-metal salts in organic solvents
Abstract
The metal exchange of Cd(II) octaphenyltetraazaporphyrin with CoCl2 and MnCl2 was studied by spectrophotometry in DMF and DMSO. The kinetic parameters of the metal exchange were determined. A possible stoichiometric reaction mechanism was proposed.



Extraction and complexation of nonferrous metals with 3-substituted 2-sulfonylaminothiophenes
Abstract
Trends of copper(II), nickel(II), cobalt(II), and zinc(II) extraction recovery from ammoniac solutions by 3-substituted 2-sulfonylaminothiophenes have been studied. The compositions and structures of extractable complexes have been determined. A mechanism has been proposed suggested for the recovery of nonferrous metals. Extraction constants have been calculated.



Vanadium(V) extraction from sulfuric and hydrochloric acid solutions with hydrazides and N′,N′-dialkylhydrazides of Versatic acids
Abstract
Conditions of vanadium(V) extraction from sulfuric and hydrochloric acid solutions with kerosene solutions of hydrazides and N’,N’-dimethylhydrazides derived from fractions of Versatic 10 and Versatic 1519 branched higher carboxylic acids were studied. Conditions of vanadium(V) back extraction from organic phase were studied. For diluted acid solutions, ratios were found to be [V(V)]: [reagent] = 1: 1 and 1: 5 for sulfuric acid media and 1: 1 and 1: 8 for hydrochloric acid media.


