Kidney injury associated with antitumor therapy: focus on the adverse events of modern immuno-oncological drugs

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Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1), are a new generation of immuno-oncological drugs that to date have demonstrated efficacy in a number of malignancies. The mechanism of ICT inhibitors action consist in the potentiation of the immune response by eliminating the tumor cells inhibitory effect on the T-lymphocytes activation. However, excessive immune system activation can cause the development of a special class of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) involved a wide variety of organs and systems, including the kidneys. Despite the fact that immuno-mediated kidney injury caused by ICI therapy develops quite rarely, it can be serious and determine the patient's prognosis, which necessitates early diagnosis and timely start of treatment. In this regard, awareness of the manifestations of ICI-associated renal irAEs is particularly relevant not only for oncologists and for nephrologists, but for doctors of other specialties. In this review, we elucidated the main variants of immuno-mediated kidney injury caused by ICI therapy, discussed possible predictors and mechanisms of their development, and considers the general principles of diagnosis and management of patients according to the severity of irAEs.

About the authors

Elena S. Kamyshova

Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Author for correspondence.
Email: kamyshova-es@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1823-0125

канд. мед. наук, доц. каф. внутренних, профессиональных болезней и ревматологии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского

Russian Federation, Moscow

Irina N. Bobkova

Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Email: kamyshova-es@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8007-5680

д-р мед. наук, проф. каф. внутренних, профессиональных болезней и ревматологии Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского

Russian Federation, Moscow

Marina I. Sekacheva

Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Email: kamyshova-es@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0015-7094

д-р мед. наук, дир. Института персонализированной онкологии

Russian Federation, Moscow

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