Modern approaches to investigating the effectiveness of probiotics in aquaculture

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Abstract

This review summarizes the available scientific data on the use of probiotics of different microbiological compositions in aquaculture, showing the effects of probiotics at physiological, tissue, and cellular levels, including those assessed by morphometric methods. Additionally, this paper systematizes data on the objects of study, the most commonly used probiotics, their concentrations, and research methods. It was found that the most studied aquaculture species in the use of probiotics are Oreochromis niloticus (35.9%), Oncorhynchus mykiss (6.2%), and Cyprinus carpio (4.6%). Experiments on these species are usually conducted under controlled conditions (pools, aquariums, RAS), and the duration of experiments varied from 20 to 140 days. The most frequently used microorganisms as probiotics are bacteria of the genera Bacillus (41.6%) and Lactobacillus (24.3%); the remaining 34.1% are other microorganisms of allochthonous or autochthonous origin. In most studies, the effect of probiotics was observed at concentrations of 1×106 to 1×109 CFU/g feed. Probiotics show varying efficacy, most often positively affecting growth performance, activity of digestive enzymes, gut microbiome, expression of genes associated with immunity, and resistance to pathogens. In most cases, probiotics had no effect on tissue nutrient composition, hematologic, biochemical, and immunologic parameters. Among the histomorphometric methods used when studying probiotics, the most frequently examined indicators are those characterizing the morphology of villi, layers composing the intestine, the composition of immunocompetent cells, microvilli, and goblet cells. The response to probiotic exposure was most often noted in villus height, number of goblet cells, villus area, number of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and microvilli area of intestinal epithelial tissues. Most authors agree on the need to use a systematic approach to study probiotics.

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N. I. Kochetkov

Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (FCU); Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: samatrixs@gmail.com

Faculty of Biotechnology and Fisheries, Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (FCU); Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

D. L. Nikiforov-Nikishina

Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (FCU); Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: samatrixs@gmail.com

Faculty of Biotechnology and Fisheries, Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (FCU); Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

A. A. Klimuk

Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (FCU); Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: samatrixs@gmail.com

Faculty of Biotechnology and Fisheries, Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (FCU); Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

S. V. Smorodinskay

Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (FCU); Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: samatrixs@gmail.com

Faculty of Biotechnology and Fisheries, Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (FCU); Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

A. L. Nikiforov-Nikishin

Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (FCU); Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: samatrixs@gmail.com

Faculty of Biotechnology and Fisheries, Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (FCU); Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Russian Federation, Moscow; Moscow

M. V. Marsova

Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: masha_marsova@mail.ru

Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics

Russian Federation, Moscow

A. A. Vatlin

Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: masha_marsova@mail.ru

Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics

Russian Federation, Moscow

V. A. Klimov

Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (FCU)

Email: masha_marsova@mail.ru

Faculty of Biotechnology and Fisheries

Russian Federation, Moscow

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Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
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2. Fig. 1. Map of geographical distribution (a), number of studies by year (b) and frequency (%) of publications (c) by countries using physiological, biochemical markers and histomorphometric methods to study probiotics in aquaculture.

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3. Fig. 2. Number of studies (%) conducted on different species (a) and families (b) of fish.

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4. Fig. 3. Research design: (a) duration of the experiment, (b) growing conditions.

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5. Fig. 4. Number (%) of studies conducted using different genera (a) and species (b) of probiotic organisms.

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6. Fig. 5. Number of studies (%) conducted using different concentrations of probiotics (10n CFU/g): (a) all directions, (b) directions that showed a reliable positive effect.

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7. Fig. 6. The number of uses of different groups of indicators in publications and the frequency of recording reliable differences in the use of a probiotic.

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8. Fig. 7. Histomorphometric parameters most frequently used in studies: characterizing the morphology of intestinal villi (a, g); characterizing the morphology of goblet cells (b, g); reflecting the composition of immunocompetent cells (b, d, e); characterizing the morphology of the layers/membranes that make up the intestine (c); characterizing the microvilli of the intestinal mucosa (e). Abbreviations: VW — villus width; VH — villus height; HEC — intestinal epithelial cell height; NML — number of lymphocytes of the proper mucosa; GCA — goblet cell area; SST — thickness of the submucosa; TMS — thickness of the muscular layer; TSS — thickness of the serous layer; PV — villus area; GCC — number of goblet cells; EGC — number of eosinophilic granulocytes; HBS — height of the setal border; ICL is the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (according to: Nikiforov-Nikishin et al. 2022b; Kochetkov et al., 2023).

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9. Fig. 8. The number of different morphometric parameters of the intestine used in publications and the frequency of recording reliable differences when using a probiotic.

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