Leukonychia associated with hereditary syndromes

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Leukonychia is the development of white patches on the nail plates. This type of onychodystrophy has different anatomical and morphological types and may be caused by a variety of both exogenous and endogenous factors. Diagnosis of leukonychia as a clinical symptom of nail damage is not difficult. However, in some cases, the presence of leukonychia in a patient requires closer attention. While acquired leukonychia is most commonly the result of a mechanical damage to the nail matrix, congenital leukonychia, in addition to its idiopathic nature, can be a sign of severe hereditary pathology. Congenital leukonychia may be part of various hereditary diseases and syndromes, being one of the symptoms or an essential component of the disease. Despite the asymptomatic course and lack of life-threatening risk compared to other clinical manifestations of hereditary syndromes and diseases, the diagnosis of leukonychia can help multidisciplinary physicians to identify the syndromal nature of this disorder, with further organization of the diagnostic search for other components of the suspected disease. This issue is especially important in the interdisciplinary collaboration of physicians of various specialties, especially when diagnosis is challenging. The article discusses hereditary diseases and syndromes characterized by leukonychia in patients, and provides summary on the etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation of these disorders.

作者简介

Roman Saranyuk

Society for Integrative Dermatology; Dermatology and Venereology Clinic “Derma Expert”

Email: roman.saranuk@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9676-1581
俄罗斯联邦, Kursk; Kursk

Alexey Polonikov

Kursk State Medical University

Email: polonikov@rambler.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6280-247X
SPIN 代码: 6373-6556

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

俄罗斯联邦, Kursk

Tatyana Gosteva

Society for Integrative Dermatology; Kurchatov Center for Modern Medicine

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: ya-lisenok-@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0059-9159
俄罗斯联邦, Kursk; Kurchatov, Kursk Region

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2. Fig. 1. Morphological classification of leukonychia: a — focal leukonychia; б — streaked (longitudinal) leukonychia; в — total/subtotal leukonychia

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3. Fig. 2. Anatomical classification of leukonychia: a — true leukonychia; б — apparent/false leukonychia; в — pseudoleukonychia

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版权所有 © Saranyuk R.V., Polonikov A.V., Gosteva T.A., 2025

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