Leukonychia associated with hereditary syndromes

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Leukonychia is the development of white patches on the nail plates. This type of onychodystrophy has different anatomical and morphological types and may be caused by a variety of both exogenous and endogenous factors. Diagnosis of leukonychia as a clinical symptom of nail damage is not difficult. However, in some cases, the presence of leukonychia in a patient requires closer attention. While acquired leukonychia is most commonly the result of a mechanical damage to the nail matrix, congenital leukonychia, in addition to its idiopathic nature, can be a sign of severe hereditary pathology. Congenital leukonychia may be part of various hereditary diseases and syndromes, being one of the symptoms or an essential component of the disease. Despite the asymptomatic course and lack of life-threatening risk compared to other clinical manifestations of hereditary syndromes and diseases, the diagnosis of leukonychia can help multidisciplinary physicians to identify the syndromal nature of this disorder, with further organization of the diagnostic search for other components of the suspected disease. This issue is especially important in the interdisciplinary collaboration of physicians of various specialties, especially when diagnosis is challenging. The article discusses hereditary diseases and syndromes characterized by leukonychia in patients, and provides summary on the etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation of these disorders.

About the authors

Roman V. Saranyuk

Society for Integrative Dermatology; Dermatology and Venereology Clinic “Derma Expert”

Email: roman.saranuk@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9676-1581
Russian Federation, Kursk; Kursk

Alexey V. Polonikov

Kursk State Medical University

Email: polonikov@rambler.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6280-247X
SPIN-code: 6373-6556

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

Russian Federation, Kursk

Tatyana A. Gosteva

Society for Integrative Dermatology; Kurchatov Center for Modern Medicine

Author for correspondence.
Email: ya-lisenok-@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0059-9159
Russian Federation, Kursk; Kurchatov, Kursk Region

References

  1. Weber FP. Some pathologic conditions of the nails. Int Clin. 1899;28(1):108–130.
  2. Grossman M, Scher RK. Leukonychia: review and classification. Int J Dermatol. 1990;29(8):535–541. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1990.tb03463.x
  3. Grosshans EM. Familial leukonychia totalis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1998;78(6):481. doi: 10.1080/000155598442836
  4. Davis-Fontenot K, Hagan C, Emerson A, Gerdes M. Congenital isolated leukonychia. Dermatol Online J. 2017;23(7):13030/qt85b4w7z3.
  5. Pathipati AS, Ko JM, Yost JM. A case and review of congenital leukonychia. Dermatol Online J. 2016;22(10):13030/qt9tf3f7ws.
  6. Nakamura Y, Kanemarum K, Fukami K. Physiological functions of phospholipase Cδ1 and phospholipase Cδ3. Adv Biol Regul. 2013;53(3):356–562. doi: 10.1016/j.jbior.2013.07.003
  7. Farooq M, Kurban M, Abbas O, Obeidat O, Fujikawa H, Kibbi AG, et al. A novel mutation in the PLCD1 gene, which leads to an aberrant splicing event, underlies autosomal recessive leuconychia. Br J Dermatol. 2012;167(4):946–949. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10962.x
  8. DeMille D, Carlston CM, Tam OH, Palumbos JC, Stalker HJ, Mao R, et al. Three novel GJB2 (connexin 26) variants associated with autosomal dominant syndromic and nonsyndromic hearing loss. Am J Med Genet A. 2018;176(4):945–950. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38648
  9. Bart RS, Pumphrey RE. Knuckle pads, leukonychia and deafness: a dominantly inherited syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1967;276(4):202–207. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196701262760403
  10. Crosti C, Sala F, Bertani E, Gasparini G, Menni S. Leukonychia totalis and ectodermal dysplasia: report of 2 cases. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1983;110(8):617–622.
  11. Schwann J. Keratosis palmaris et plantaris with congenital deaf ness and total leukonychia. Dermatologica. 1963;126:335–353.
  12. URL: https://globalgenes.org/disorder/flotch-syndrome/
  13. Mansour M, Brothers R, Brothers R. FLOTCH Syndrome: A Case of Leukonychia Totalis and Multiple Pilar Cysts. Cutis. 2023;112(4):200–202. doi: 10.12788/cutis.0895
  14. URL: https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/2045#:~:text=FLOTCH%20syndrome%20is%20a%20rare,calculi%20have%20also%20been%20reported
  15. Bauer AW. Beiträge zur klinischen Konstitutionspathologie, V. heredofamiliäre leukonychie und multiple atherombilderung der kopfhaut. Z Menschl Vererb. Konstitutitionslehre. 1920;5:47–48.
  16. Friedel J, Heid E, Grosshans E. The FLOTCH syndrome. Familial occurrence of total leukonychia, trichilemmal cysts and ciliary dystrophy with dominant autosomal heredity. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1986;113(6–7):549–553.
  17. Alexandrino F, Sartorato EL, Marques-de-Faria AP, Steiner CE. G59S Mutation in the GJB2 (connexin 26) gene in patient with bart-pumphrey syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2005;136(3):282–284. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30822
  18. Lee JR, White TW. Connexin-26 mutations in deafness and skin disease. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2009;11:e35. doi: 10.1017/S1462399409001276
  19. URL: https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/2698#:~:text=A%20rare%2C%20syndromic%20genetic%20deafness,mild%20to%20moderate%20sensorineural%20deafness.&text=Synonym(s)%3A,Bart-Pumphrey%20syndrome
  20. Gönül M, Gül Ü, Hizli P, Hizli Ö. A family of Bart–Pumphrey syndrome. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2012;78(2):178–181. doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.93636
  21. Le Corre Y, Steff M, Croue A, Filmon R, Verret JL, Le Clech C. Hereditary leukonychia totalis, acanthosis-nigricans-like lesions and hair dysplasia: a new syndrome? Eur J Med Genet. 2009;52(4):229–233. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.04.003
  22. URL: https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/210133
  23. URL: https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/444138?name=plack% 20syndrome&mode=name
  24. Lin Z, Zhao J, Nitoiu D, Scott CA, Plagnol V, Smith FJD, et al. Loss-of-function mutations in CAST cause peeling skin, leukonychia, acral punctate keratoses, cheilitis, and knuckle pads. Am J Hum Genet. 2015;96(3):440–447. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.12.026
  25. Alkhalifah A, Chiaverini C, Giudice PD, Supsrisunjai C, Hsu CK, Liu L, et al. PLACK syndrome resulting from a new homozygous insertion mutation in CAST. J Dermatol Sci. 2017;88(2):256–258. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.06.004
  26. Temel ŞG, Karakaş B, Şeker Ü, Turkgenç B, Zorlu Ö, Sarıcaoğlu H, et al. A novel homozygous nonsense mutation in CAST associated with PLACK syndrome. Cell Tissue Res. 2019;378(2):267–277. doi: 10.1007/s00441-019-03077-9
  27. Mohamad J, Samuelov L, Ben-Amitai D, Malchin N, Sarig O, Sprecher E. PLACK syndrome shows remarkable phenotypic homoge neity. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2019;44(5):580–583. doi: 10.1111/ced.13887
  28. Vidya AS, Khader A, Devi K, Archana GA, Reeshma J, Reshma NJ. PLACK syndrome associated with alopecia areata and a novel homozygous base pair insertion in exon 18 of CAST gene. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2023;90(1):102–105. doi: 10.25259/IJDVL_1138_2021
  29. Wang H, Cao X, Lin Z, Lee M, Jia X, Ren Y, et al. Exome sequencing reveals mutation in GJA1 as a cause of keratoderma — hypotrichosis — leukonychia totalis syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 2015;24(1):243–250. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu442
  30. Galadari I, Mohsen S. Leukonychia totalis associated with keratosis pilaris and hyperhidrosis. Int J Dermatol. 1993;32(7):524–525. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1993.tb02841.x
  31. Hooft C, De Laey P, Herpol J, De Loore F, Verbeeck J. Familial hypolipidaemia and retarded development without steatorrhoea: another inborn error of metabolism? Helv Paediatr Acta. 1962;17:1–23.
  32. Takatsuki K, Sanada I. Plasma cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy and endocrine disorder: clinical and laboratory features of 109 reported cases. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1983;13(3):543–555.
  33. Nakanishi T, Sobue I, Toyokura Y, Nishitani H, Kuroiwa Y, Satoyoshi E, et al. The Crow–Fukase syndrome: a study of 102 cases in Japan. Neurology. 1984;34(6):712–720. doi: 10.1212/wnl.34.6.712
  34. Singh D, Wadhwa J, Kumar L, Raina V, Agarwal A, Kochupillai V. POEMS syndrome: experience with fourteen cases. Leuk Lymphoma. 2003;44(10):1749–1752. doi: 10.1080/1042819031000111044
  35. Soubrier MJ, Dubost JJ, Sauvezie BJ. POEMS syndrome: a study of 25 cases and a review of the literature. French Study Group on POEMS Syndrome. Am J Med. 1994;97(6):543–553. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(94)90350-6
  36. Zhang B, Song X, Liang B, Hou Q, Pu S, Ying JR, et al. The clinical study of POEMS syndrome in China. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2010;31(2):229–237.
  37. Li J, Zhou DB, Huang Z, Jiao L, Duan MH, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and long-term outcome of patients with POEMS syndrome in China. Ann Hematol. 2011;90(7):819–826. doi: 10.1007/s00277-010-1149-0
  38. Kulkarni GB, Mahadevan A, Taly AB, Yasha TC, Seshagiri KS, Nalini A, et al. Clinicopathological profile of polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome. J Clin Neurosci. 2011;18(3):356–360. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.07.124
  39. Nasu S, Misawa S, Sekiguchi Y, Shibuya K, Kanai K, Fujimaki Y, et al. Different neurological and physiological profiles in POEMS syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(5):476–479. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301706
  40. Bardwick PA, Zvaifler NJ, Gill GN, Newman D, Greenway GD, Resnick DL. Plasma cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy, organome galy, endocrinopathy, M protein, and skin changes: the POEMS syn drome. Report on two cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1980;59(4):311–322. doi: 10.1097/00005792-198007000-00006
  41. Singh D, Wadhwa J, Kumar L, Raina V, Agarwal A, Kochupillai V. POEMS syndrome: experience with fourteen cases. Leuk Lymphoma. 2003;44(10):1749–1752. doi: 10.1080/1042819031000111044
  42. Barete S, Mouawad R, Choquet S, Viala K, Leblond V, Musset L, et al. Skin manifestations and vas cular endothelial growth factor levels in POEMS syndrome: impact of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146(6):615–623. doi: 10.1001/archdermatol.2010.100
  43. Bachmeyer C. Acquired facial atrophy: a neglected clinical sign of POEMS syndrome. Am J Hematol. 2012;87(1):131. doi: 10.1002/ajh.22204
  44. Carvajal-Huerta L. Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(3):418–421. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70317-2
  45. Malčić I, Buljević B. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, Naxos island disease and Carvajal syndrome. Central Eur J Pаed. 2017;13(2):93–106. doi: 10.5457/p2005-114.177
  46. Protonotarios N, Tsatsopoulou A. Naxos disease and Carvajal syndrome: cardiocutaneous disorders that highlight the pathogenesis and broaden the spectrum of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2004;13(4):185–194. doi: 10.1016/j.carpath.2004.03.609
  47. Boule S, Fressart V, Laux D, Mallet A, Simon F, de Groote P, et al. Expanding the phenotype associated with a desmoplakin dominant mutation: Carvajal/Naxos syndrome associated with leukonychia and oligodontia. Int J Cardiol. 2012;161(1):50–52. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.06.068
  48. Foggia L, Hovnanian A. Calcium pump disorders of the skin. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2004;131C(1):20–31. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30031
  49. Sudbrak R, Brown J, Dobson-Stone C, Carter S, Ramser J, White J, et al. Hailey–Hailey disease is caused by mutations in ATP2C1 encoding a novel Ca(2+) pump. Hum Mol Genet. 2000;9(7):1131–1140. doi: 10.1093/hmg/9.7.1131
  50. Hu Z, Bonifas JM, Beech J, Bench G, Shigihara T, Ogawa H, et al. Mutations in ATP2C1, encoding a calcium pump, cause Hailey–Hailey disease. Nat Genet. 2000;24(1):61–65. doi: 10.1038/71701
  51. Konstantinou MP, Krasagakis K. Benign Familial Pemphigus (Hailey–Hailey Disease). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585136/
  52. Kostaki D, Castillo JC, Ruzicka T, Sárdy M. Longitudinal leuconychia striata: is it a common sign in Hailey–Hailey and Darier disease? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28(1):126–127. doi: 10.1111/jdv.12133
  53. Kirtschig G, Effendy I, Happle R. Leukonychia longitudinalis as the primary symptom of Hailey–Hailey disease. Hautarzt. 1992;43(7):451–452.
  54. Hyman MH, Whittemore VH. National Institutes of Health consensus conference: tuberous sclerosis complex. Arch Neurol. 2000;57(5):662–665. doi: 10.1001/archneur.57.5.662
  55. Uysal SP, Şahin M. Tuberous sclerosis: a review of the past, present, and future. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(SI-2):1665–1676. doi: 10.3906/sag-2002-133
  56. European Chromosome 16 Tuberous Sclerosis Consortium. Identification and characterization of the tuberous sclerosis gene on chromosome 16. Cell. 1993;75(7):1305–1315. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90618-z
  57. van Slegtenhorst M, de Hoogt R, Hermans C, Nellist M, Janssen B, Verhoef S, et al. Identification of the tuberous sclerosis gene TSC1 on chromosome 9q34. Science. 1997;277(5327):805–808. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5327.805
  58. Roach ES. Applying the Lessons of Tuberous Sclerosis: The 2015 Hower Award Lecture. Pediatr Neurol. 2016;63:6–22. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.07.003.
  59. Wheless JW, Almoazen H. A novel topical rapamycin cream for the treatment of facial angiofibromas in tuberous sclerosis complex. J Child Neurol. 2013;28(7):933–936. doi: 10.1177/0883073813488664
  60. Jozwiak S, Schwartz RA, Janniger CK, Michalowicz R, Chmielik J. Skin lesions in children with tuberous sclerosis complex: their prevalence, natural course, and diagnostic significance. Int J Dermatol. 1998;37(12):911–917. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00495.x
  61. Sadowski K, Kotulska K, Schwartz RA, Jóźwiak S. Systemic effects of treatment with mTOR inhibitors in tuberous sclerosis complex: a comprehensive review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30(4):586– 594. doi: 10.1111/jdv.13356
  62. Rodrigues DA, Gomes CM, Costa IMC. Tuberous sclerosis complex. An Bras Dermatol. 2012;87(2):184–196. doi: 10.1590/s0365-05962012000200001
  63. Aldrich CS, Hong CH, Groves L, Olsen C, Moss J, Darling TN. Acral lesions in tuberous sclerosis complex: insights into pathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(2):244–251. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.042
  64. Andrade TC, Silva GV, Silva TM, Pinto AC, Nunes AJ, Martelli AC. Acrokeratosis verruciformis of Hopf — Case report. An Bras Dermatol. 2016;91(5):639–641. doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164919
  65. Williams GM, Lincoln M. Acrokeratosis Verruciformis of Hopf. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537250/
  66. Diaz-Frias J, Kondamudi NP. Alagille Syndrome. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan. URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507827/
  67. Fabris L, Fiorotto R, Spirli C, Cadamuro M, Mariotti V, Perugorria MJ, et al. Pathobiology of inherited biliary diseases: a roadmap to understand acquired liver diseases. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(8):497–511. doi: 10.1038/s41575-019-0156-4
  68. Сambiaghi S, Riva S, Ramaccioni V, Gridelli B, Gelmetti C. Steatocystoma multiplex and leuconychia in a child with Alagille syndrome. Br J Dermatol. 1998;138(1):150–154. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02043.x
  69. Lee JY, In SI, Kim HJ, Jeong SY, Choung YH, Kim YC. Hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma and deafness resulting from genetic mutation of Connexin 26. J Korean Med Sci. 2010;25(10):1539–1542. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.10.1539
  70. Gong Z, Dai S, Jiang X, Lee M, Zhu X, Wang H, et al. Variants in KLK11, affecting signal peptide cleavage of kallikrein-related peptidase 11, cause an autosomal-dominant cornification disorder. Br J Dermatol. 2023;188(1):100–111. doi: 10.1093/bjd/ljac029
  71. Takeichi T, Ito Y, Lee JYW, Murase C, Okuno Y, Muro Y, et al. KLK11 ichthyosis: large truncal hyperkeratotic pigmented plaques underscore a distinct autosomal dominant disorder of cornification. Br J Dermatol. 2023;189(1):134–136. doi: 10.1093/bjd/ljad082
  72. Yamamoto T, Tohyama J, Koeda T, Maegaki Y, Takahashi Y. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia with small head, congenital nystagmus, hypoplasia of corpus callosum, and leukonychia totalis: a variant of Lowry-Wood syndrome? Am J Med Genet. 1995;56(1):6–9. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320560103
  73. Karadeniz N, Erkek E, Taner P. Unexpected clinical involve ment of hereditary total leuconychia with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles in three generations. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34(8):e570–2. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03246.x
  74. Azakli HN, Agirgol S, Takmaz S, Dervis E. Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans associated with leukonychia. West Indian Med J. 2014;63(5):552–553. doi: 10.7727/wimj.2013.096
  75. Atasoy M, Aliagaoglu C, Sahin O, Ikbal M, Gursan N. Linear atrophoderma of Moulin together with leuconychia: a case report. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20(3):337–340. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01434.x
  76. Bushkell LL, Gorlin RJ. Leukonychia Totalis, Multiple Sebaceous Cysts, and Renal Calculi: A Syndrome. Arch Dermatol. 1975;111(7):899– 901. doi: 10.1001/archderm.1975.01630190089011
  77. Izumi K, Takagi M, Parikh AS, Hahn A, Miskovsky SN, Nishimura G, et al. Late manifestations of tricho-rhino-pharangeal syndrome in a patient: Expanded skeletal phenotype in adulthood. Am J Med Genet A. 2010;152A(8):2115–2119. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33511
  78. Heimler A, Fox JE, Hershey JE, Crespi P. Sensorineural hearing loss, enamel hypoplasia, and nail abnormalities in sibs. Am J Med Genet. 1991;39(2):192–195. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320390214
  79. Ong KR, Visram S, McKaig S, Brueton LA. Sensorineural deafness, enamel abnormalities and nail abnormalities: a case report of Heimler syndrome in identical twin girls. Eur J Med Genet. 2006;49(2):187–193. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2005.07.003
  80. Onoufriadis A, Ahmed N, Bessar H, Guy A, Liu L, Marantzidis A, et al. Homozygous Nonsense Mutation in DSC3 Resulting in Skin Fragility and Hypotrichosis. J Invest Dermatol. 2020;140(6):1285–1288. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.10.015
  81. Pignata C, Fiore M, Guzzetta V, Castaldo A, Sebastio G, Porta F, et al. Congenital Alopecia and nail dystrophy associated with severe functional T-cell immunodeficiency in two sibs. Am J Med Genet. 1996;65(2):167–170. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19961016)65:2<167::AID-AJMG17>3.0.CO;2-O
  82. Carol WLL, Godfried EG, Prakken JR, Prick JJGV. Recklinghausensche Neurofibromatosis, Atrophodermia vermiculata аnd kongenitale Herzanomalie als Hauptkennzeichen eines familiaer-hereditaeren Syndroms. Dermatologica. 1940;81:345–365.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download
2. Fig. 1. Morphological classification of leukonychia: a — focal leukonychia; б — streaked (longitudinal) leukonychia; в — total/subtotal leukonychia

Download (245KB)
Indexing metadata
3. Fig. 2. Anatomical classification of leukonychia: a — true leukonychia; б — apparent/false leukonychia; в — pseudoleukonychia

Download (284KB)
Indexing metadata

Copyright (c) 2025 Saranyuk R.V., Polonikov A.V., Gosteva T.A.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Согласие на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика»

1. Я (далее – «Пользователь» или «Субъект персональных данных»), осуществляя использование сайта https://journals.rcsi.science/ (далее – «Сайт»), подтверждая свою полную дееспособность даю согласие на обработку персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации Оператору - федеральному государственному бюджетному учреждению «Российский центр научной информации» (РЦНИ), далее – «Оператор», расположенному по адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А, со следующими условиями.

2. Категории обрабатываемых данных: файлы «cookies» (куки-файлы). Файлы «cookie» – это небольшой текстовый файл, который веб-сервер может хранить в браузере Пользователя. Данные файлы веб-сервер загружает на устройство Пользователя при посещении им Сайта. При каждом следующем посещении Пользователем Сайта «cookie» файлы отправляются на Сайт Оператора. Данные файлы позволяют Сайту распознавать устройство Пользователя. Содержимое такого файла может как относиться, так и не относиться к персональным данным, в зависимости от того, содержит ли такой файл персональные данные или содержит обезличенные технические данные.

3. Цель обработки персональных данных: анализ пользовательской активности с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика».

4. Категории субъектов персональных данных: все Пользователи Сайта, которые дали согласие на обработку файлов «cookie».

5. Способы обработки: сбор, запись, систематизация, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передача (доступ, предоставление), блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных.

6. Срок обработки и хранения: до получения от Субъекта персональных данных требования о прекращении обработки/отзыва согласия.

7. Способ отзыва: заявление об отзыве в письменном виде путём его направления на адрес электронной почты Оператора: info@rcsi.science или путем письменного обращения по юридическому адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А

8. Субъект персональных данных вправе запретить своему оборудованию прием этих данных или ограничить прием этих данных. При отказе от получения таких данных или при ограничении приема данных некоторые функции Сайта могут работать некорректно. Субъект персональных данных обязуется сам настроить свое оборудование таким способом, чтобы оно обеспечивало адекватный его желаниям режим работы и уровень защиты данных файлов «cookie», Оператор не предоставляет технологических и правовых консультаций на темы подобного характера.

9. Порядок уничтожения персональных данных при достижении цели их обработки или при наступлении иных законных оснований определяется Оператором в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации.

10. Я согласен/согласна квалифицировать в качестве своей простой электронной подписи под настоящим Согласием и под Политикой обработки персональных данных выполнение мною следующего действия на сайте: https://journals.rcsi.science/ нажатие мною на интерфейсе с текстом: «Сайт использует сервис «Яндекс.Метрика» (который использует файлы «cookie») на элемент с текстом «Принять и продолжить».