The integrate geomorphological, morphotectonics investigations using remote sensing data from space as the basis for the efficiency increasing of geological works

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Abstract

The underestimation of the integrated application of geomorphological, morphotectonic information and materials of space remote data during a geological research, the geological survey and predictive-prospecting work significantly reduces their effectiveness. The imperfection of the geomorphological researches methodology focused on the study of territories relief as a collection of surfaces of geological bodies is one of the possible reasons for this. Perspectives opens the transition to the research of landforms and geological structures, bodies in their unity, as three-dimensional, volumetric objects. Fundamentally new opportunities for studying the geology of the seas and oceans bottom are associated, in particular, with the visualization of digital 3D relief models created on the basis of the global bathymetric database GEBCO 2014 (http ://Ocean3dproects...), regional echo-depth-sounder metering’s maps, altimetry materials and remote sensing of the Earth from space. The topicality of such investigations is also due to the fact determined that plate tectonics cannot explain many features of the structure of the Earth and individual regions relief. A number of examples show that modern geomorphology combined with methods of remote sensing from space and computerization should be considered as one of the necessary disciplines for geological mapping and work aimed at solving various geological problems. The further common development of the planet relief sciences (geomorphology + morphotectonics) determines the need to train geomorphologists at both geographical and geological faculties of universities.

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About the authors

A. A. Gavrilov

V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, FEB RAS

Author for correspondence.
Email: gavrilov@poi.dvo.ru
Russian Federation, Vladivostok

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Scheme of the generalized relief and a number of mega-MCTs of the eastern margin of Eurasia. Compiled taking into account the data of (Soloviev, 1978; Kulakov, 1986; Thomson et al., 1992). 1–2 – contours of areas with relief heights: 1 – from 200 to 1000 m, 2 – more than 1000 m; 3–5 – fault framework systems: 3 – ring and arc, 4 – arc of the central subsided part of the East Asian (Amur) mega-arch, 5 – radial and through transregional; 6 – coastline; 7 – Roman numerals of the MCT name: I – Korean, II – East Asian (Amur), III – Aldan, IV – Yana, V – Yana-Kolyma; 8 – Lake Baikal; 9 – intermountain depressions with relief heights less than 200 m.

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3. Fig. 2. Relief map of the lithosphere base of the East Asian supraplume mega-dome based on geothermal data (Deep structure…, 2010). Provided with additions and in the author’s interpretation. 1 – framework arc and radial faults of the mega-dome established based on geological and geomorphological data and remote sensing materials from space; 2 – isopachs (depths in km); 3 – boundary of the North Eurasian Plate; 4 – outer contours of the mega-dome: a – substantiated, b – assumed; 5 – faults; 6 – boundaries of the Amur Plate (megasovalm according to the author’s version); 7 – lines of seismic profiles.

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4. Fig. 3. Position of the centers and anomalies of the extent of Mesozoic granitoid magmatism of the East Asian supraplume mega-arch. The scheme is based on the data of (Romanovsky et al., 2009), with additions and in the author's interpretation. 1 - tectonic elements (Roman numerals in circles) - platforms: I - Siberian, II - North China, III - Yangtze; orogenic belts: IV - Central Asian, V - Mongol-Okhotsk, VI - Sikhote-Alin, VII - Qinling-Dabeshan; 2 - sedimentary basins: VIII - Songliao, IX - Amur-Zeya, X - Middle Amur; 3 – areas and belts of granitoids: MZ – Mongolian-Transbaikalian, A – Aldan, SD – North Dakhingan, BY – Badzhal-Yamalin, NA – Nizhnemursky, SK – North Hebei, YP – South Primorsky, DS – Dzhugdzhur-Stanovoy, D – Dakhingan, SA – Sikhote-Alin, SK – North China, CD – Qinling-Dabeshan, LS – Liaodong-Shandong; 4 – granitoid massifs: a – calc-alkaline, b – alkaline and subalkaline; 5 – large ore deposits and their serial numbers; 6 – groups of local intrusions of the central type; 7 – contours of focal systems of various depths.

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5. Fig. 4. Scheme of the distribution of Mesozoic granitoids within the southern Far East and Northeast Asia (Romanovsky, 1999). Given with additions and in the author's interpretation. 1–3 – distribution of granitoids at the level of the day surface: 0–10% (1), 10–25% (2), more than 25% (3); 4 – arc, ring frame faults.

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6. Fig. 5. Scheme of distribution of seamounts and ore-bearing guyots in the northwestern Pacific Ocean (Shkolnik et al., 1996), reflecting the existence of a supraplume mega-dome. Compiled with additions and in the author's interpretation (Gavrilov, 2015). 1 − seamounts and ridges; 2 − swell-like uplifts at the base of volcanic mountains; 3 − submarine uplifts (Shatsky, Hess and others); 4 − marginal ridges and oceanic slopes of deep-sea trenches; 5 − oceanic basins; 6 − radial and arcuate framework lineaments of the supraplume mega-dome of the northwestern Pacific Ocean; 7 − seamounts and guyots with bathymetric positions of their summits no more than 2000 m; 8 − boundaries of ore-bearing provinces: I – Mid-Pacific, II – East Mariana, III – Ogasawara-Geish, IV – Imperial-Hawaiian, V – Line; 9 – distribution contour of phosphatized basalts within the area of ​​carbonate and brecciated phosphorites of the Mid-Pacific province; 10 − areas of practical absence of ore-bearing guyots.

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7. Fig. 6. Map of gravity anomalies of the Pacific Ocean (Pacific gravity map, 2006.; https:// Ocean gravity map.gif.) Black lines indicate the supposed projections of the Northwestern, Californian and central parts of the East Pacific supraplume mega-arches.

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8. Fig. 7. Morphostructural scheme of the East Mariana Deep-Sea Basin and the underwater mountain structures framing it. 1 – island land; 2 – isobaths; 3-4 – faults established based on geomorphological and cosmogeological data: 3 – diametrical; 4 – arc and ring.

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9. Fig. 8. One of the MCT (R = 200 − 250 km) of the Pacific Ocean floor uplift areas (Markus-Necker Mountains). Visualization data of 3D DEM modeling (GEBCO 2014, Google Earth Pro).

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10. Fig. 9. Scheme of the MCT (R – 300 km) within the Marcus Wake Rise. Constructed on the basis of bathymetric data (Melnikov, 2005) and analysis of the visualized DEM (Google Earth Pro) 1 – guyots; 2 – isobaths; 3 – arc and ring faults; 4 – Roman numerals – names of paleovolcanoes and guyots (not given here).

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11. Fig. 10. Morphostructural scheme of the Lower Amur region (Gavrilov, 1993). 1–2 – sedimentary and volcanogenic-sedimentary complexes of different ages: 1 – Paleozoic, 2 – Mesozoic; 3–4 – igneous formations of the Late Cretaceous: 3 – granitoids, 4 – effusive rocks of intermediate and acid composition; 5 – granitoids of the Early Paleogene; 6 – basaltoids of different ages (a – Eocene, b – Miocene); 7 – Late Cenozoic loose sediments of depressions; 8 – faults established according to the data: a – interpretation of the KS and, b – geological; 9–11 – outer contours of MCTs of different types and ranks: 9 – regional uplifts (a – arched, b – tectonomagmatic), 10 – subregional (a – intrusive-dome, b – volcanotectonic depressions), 11 – local volcanic forms (a – positive, b – negative); 12 – supposed arc boundary faults of local forms (a – negative, b – other); 13 – geological boundaries; 14 – Roman numerals in circles – names of the main MCTs: I – Pildo-Limuriyskaya, II – Evurskaya, III – Ulbanskaya, IV – Ust-Amurskaya, V – Mevachanskaya, VI – Chayatynskaya, VII – Dzhapinskaya, VIII – Mynskaya, IX – Puerskaya, X – Omalskaya, XI – Udylsko-Kizinskaya.

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