Hydrology and morphology of confluences of rivers with split channels

Сonfluence nodes of rivers with split channels are one of the most complex in terms of morphology, hydrological regime, and flow distribution among various types of confluences. Such nodes are relatively rare and typically occur at confluences involving large (or the largest) rivers but can also develop at the junctions of smaller tributaries under specific conditions. Based on a review of literature, field data, and satellite imagery, a classification of confluence nodes of rivers with split channels is proposed, identifying six distinct types according to their configuration. A regional analysis is conducted for each type, with examples provided from both Russia and other parts of the world. The conditions for the occurrence of reverse flows within individual channels of the confluence nodes are examined using the confluences of the Ob and Ket rivers, and the Anadyr and Main rivers as case studies. These analyses utilize observations of water levels and turbidity, the latter determined from satellite images.