130th anniversary of virology

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Abstract

130 years ago, in 1892, our great compatriot Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky (1864–1920) discovered a new type of pathogen – viruses. Viruses have existed since the birth of life on Earth and for more than three billion years, as the biosphere evolved, they are included in interpopulation interactions with representatives of all kingdoms of life: archaea, bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, including the Homo sapiens (Hominidae, Homininae).

Discovery of D.I. Ivanovsky laid the foundation for a new science – virology. The rapid development of virology in the 20th century was associated with the fight against emerging and reemerging infections, epidemics (epizootics) and pandemics (panzootics) of which posed a threat to national and global biosecurity (tick-borne and other encephalitis, hemorrhagic fevers, influenza, smallpox, poliomyelitis, HIV, parenteral hepatitis, coronaviral and other infections). Fundamental research on viruses created the basis for the development of effective methods of diagnostics, vaccine prophylaxis, and antiviral drugs. Russian virologists continue to occupy leading positions in some priority areas of modern virology in vaccinology, environmental studies oz zoonotic viruses, studies of viral evolution in various ecosystems, and several other areas. A meaningful combination of theoretical approaches to studying the evolution of viruses with innovative methods for studying their molecular genetic properties and the creation of new generations of vaccines and antiviral drugs on this basis will significantly reduce the consequences of future pandemics or panzootics. The review presents the main stages in the formation and development of virology as a science in Russia with an emphasis on the most significant achievements of soviet and Russian virologists in the fight against viral infectious diseases.

About the authors

Dmitry K. Lvov

D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Author for correspondence.
Email: dk_lvov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8176-6582

Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Head of the Department of Virus Ecology with the Scientific and Practical Center for Ecology and Epidemiology of Influenza D.I. Ivanovsky Institute 

Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow

Sergey V. Alkhovsky

D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Email: salkh@ya.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6913-5841

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of Biotechnology D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology

Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow

Oleg Petrovich Zhirnov

D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Email: zhirnov@inbox.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3192-8405

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology

Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow

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