Electrolytes, Zinc and Vitamin D3 in COVID-19 Patients with Cardiovascular Complications

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Abstract

Introduction. COVID-19 is strongly linked to cardiovascular disease, with direct myocardial injury and systemic inflammation as common mechanisms. Pre-existing or infection-induced cardiovascular disease worsens the outcomes for COVID-19 patients.

Materials and methods. To estimate the serum electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca++, Zn) and vitamin D3, the study depended on ichroma ii device for Vitamin D3 and Chemistry Analyzer for electrolytes in patient samples.

Results. A study was conducted on 192 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, including 35 critical cases, 53 severe cases, 54 moderate cases, and 50 individuals in a control group. The age group with the highest prevalence of infection was between 50‒69 years, while the lowest prevalence was observed in those under 30 years. The study found significant decreases in calcium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and vitamin D3 levels among COVID-19 patients compared to the control group. Zinc and vitamin D3 levels showed a significant correlation with sex, with males experiencing a decline in zinc levels and females having lower vitamin D3 levels. The concentration of calcium, sodium, and zinc showed a negative correlation with age, with older patients having the lowest levels. COVID-19 patients with chronic cardiac issues and high blood pressure exhibited the lowest levels of these markers. The severity of the disease also had a detrimental impact on electrolyte levels, zinc, and vitamin D3, with critical cases showing the lowest levels. The complications such as heart failure were associated with lower levels of potassium, sodium, and zinc.

Conclusion. In conclusion, the study revealed significant associations between COVID-19 and decreased electrolyte levels, zinc, and vitamin D3. Sex and age were found to be correlated with these markers. Patients with chronic cardiac issues and high blood pressure exhibited the lowest levels of these markers. The severity of the disease was also linked to lower electrolyte levels, zinc, and vitamin D3. Complications such as heart failure were associated with decreased levels of potassium, sodium, and zinc.

About the authors

Ali Abdel-Moneim Mohammed-Hussain AlKhuzaie

College of Science, University of Thi-Qar; Ministry of Education, Directorate of Education

Email: Medicalresearch11@yahoo.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0009-4693-2579

Postgraduate Student, Lecturer, Department of Biology

Iraq, Thi-Qar; Thi-Qar

Enas Abdul Kareem Jabbar

Ministry of Education, Directorate of Education

Email: Enaskareemjj0@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8327-5434

Dr., Professor, Lecturer

Iraq, Thi-Qar

Bushra Jabbar Albadry

University of Thi-Qar

Author for correspondence.
Email: bushra.jh.bio@sci.utq.edu.iq
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5129-7700

Assistant Professor, Head Manager, Faculty of Nursing

Iraq, Thi-Qar

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2. Fig. 1. Distribution of all study samples, including those from patients and the control group

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3. Fig. 2. The distribution of COVID-19 patients by age and gender

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Copyright (c) 2024 AlKhuzaie A.A., Jabbar E.A., Albadry B.J.

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