Peculiarities of oral microbiota in patients with small and medium-sized dental defects and chronic periodontitis of moderate severity

BACKGROUND: Chronic generalized periodontitis is one of the most common dental pathologies and causes difficulties in adopting rational treatment plan, since there are no biomarkers to qualitatively assess the possibility of developing periodontal inflammation or its pathomorphosis.

AIM: Study of peculiarities of oral microbiota in patients with acquired dentition defects under chronic generalised periodontitis of moderate severity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study participants were 88 people (44 males, 44 females) with small/medium dental defects (10^th International Classification of Diseases — K08.1), who were divided into two groups: the first — without clinical signs of periodontal inflammation (23 men, 21 women); the second — with chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity (K05.31) (24 men, 20 women). The condition of periodontal tissues and the intensity of dental caries damage were assessed using the decay/missing/filled index, papillary-marginal-alveolar index, communal periodontal index, determined degree of tooth mobility. Using microbiological methods, biomaterial from the mucous membrane of the prosthetic bed was studied and microbiota composition was determined. Identification and quantification of deoxyribonucleic acid of periodontal disease pathogens was carried out using polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro–Wilk test, Student’s t test, and χ² test.

RESULTS: The average values of the decay/missing/filled index and the papillary-marginal-alveolar index in patients of the second group were 1.5 and 5.7 times higher, respectively, than in the first. Under chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity in the biomaterial statistically significantly more often were found Neisseria spp. (7.6 times; p=0.002), Candida spp. (1.9 times; p=0.035), Enterobacterales (16.2 times; p=0.001), Enterococcus spp. (5.0 times; p=0.03) and less often — Corynebacterium spp. (10.1 times; p=0.001) and Streptococcus salivarius (3.0 times; p=0.001). When patients had partial dentition defects, the identified microorganisms formed stable communities, the nature of the symbiotic relationships in which determined the clinical manifestations of inflammatory changes in the soft periodontal tissues.

CONCLUSION: Increased occurrence of Candida spp. and Enterobacterales in patients with acquired dentition defects and periodontal inflammation, formation of stable connections between them and antagonistic effect on oral cavity autochthonous is of interest for the development of targeted antimicrobial therapy in preparation for dental orthopedic treatment.