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Vol 42, No 6 (2016)

Plant Growing

Wheat breeding during drought increase

Grabovets A.I., Fomenko M.A.

Abstract

Main parameters of the variety model, methods of creation of the genetic variation, and volume of elaboration of the breeding material are defined with the increased manifestations of droughts. The main focus was concentrated on selection of the form with high efficiency of photosynthesis and harvest index. The efficiency index of the leaves' work was studied. The grain weight of the plant was used as the primary marker.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):403-406
pages 403-406 views

Breeding of naked oats having high-quality grain

Batalova G.A., Shevchenko S.N., Tulyakova M.V., Rusakova I.I., Zheleznikova V.A., Lisitsyn E.M.

Abstract

Ecologically plastic naked oat Bekas, which combines high productivity (up to 5.63 t/ha) and grain quality (protein content up to 19.7%; fat content up to 6.7%; starch content up to 54.61%; test weight up to 712 g/L; kernel yield 95–98%; grain yield from sheaf up to 42.3%), was created using selective sampling under different natural conditions: the Northeast Agricultural Research Institute and Falenki Breeding Station (Kirov region), as well as Samara Agricultural Research Institute (Samara region). The grain is large—1000 grain mass is 26.9–29.1 g, grain size is 7–9 × 2.5–3.5 mm, and 2–6 grains are in a spikelet. The new variety is resistant to falling out, to helminthosporium leaf blotch and to crown rust in natural infectious background; it is tolerant to fruit fly.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):407-410
pages 407-410 views

Research of oat lines differing for genes of photoperiodic sensitivity

Koshkin V.A., Loskutov I.G., Kosareva I.A., Blinova E.V., Matvienko I.I.

Abstract

Oat lines (A. sativa) are studied in long and short photoperiods. Fast-ripening low-sensitive and late-ripening sensitive forms of this culture, differing for photoperiodic sensitivity genes, were selected from the hybrid population. The effect of short photoperiods on economically valuable traits is established. The long flag leaf sheath and high relative content of chlorophyll contributed to increased panicle productivity in oat lines.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):411-415
pages 411-415 views

Plants diagnostics of nitrogen nutrition of flax

Naliukhin A.N.

Abstract

Field experiments with fiber-flax varieties Zaryanka, the Alpha and the Lada was carried out on soddy-podzolic soil under Northern part of the Nonchernozem zone. As a result of 5 years of research studied the influence of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizer on the dynamics of mineral nitrogen in the soil, total nitrogen content of the flax plant. The mathematical model of flax straw yield has been developed. It was revealed that the increase of productive moisture reserves in the soil from 30 to 40 mm in a layer of 0–40 cm in the phase of “herringbone”–the beginning of rapid growth, increased productivity of flax straw varieties Alpha on 2.8 t ha–1. The simultaneous increase in the total nitrogen content of the flax plants in the phase of “herringbone” on the 0.1% increment crop yield increase up to 3.0 t ha–1.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):416-419
pages 416-419 views

Biologically active compounds with antioxidant activity in the amaranth red leaves’ extract

Gins M.S., Gins V.K., Pivovarov V.F., Kononkov P.F.

Abstract

Water extract was obtained from amaranth, Amaranthus tricolor L., Valentina variety, red leaves, and the composition of low-molecular metabolites with antioxidant activity and their content were studied. The obtained extract was shown to contain the following antioxidant metabolites: amaranthine, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds as well as monosaccharides and disaccharides. Accumulation of these compounds in different amaranth plant organs in the course of the plant growth and development was analyzed. The specific feature of antioxidant metabolome of amaranth is high variability of antioxidant metabolite content in leaves, inflorescences, and stems.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):420-422
pages 420-422 views

Compatibility study using hybridization procedure among Pleurotus genotypes and authentication by enzyme expression and ITSR of rDNA

Adebayo E.A., Oloke J.K., Azeez M.A., Ayandele A.A., Majolagbe O.N.

Abstract

Cross compatibility and authentication of hybrid genotypes among species of Pleurotus were studied using lignocellulotic enzymes production and Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA. Schematic procedure of hyphal anastomosis hybridization between the species of Pleurotus was employed in this study. Formation of clamp connexion, changes in morphological hyphal arrangement and general increased in the enzymes production by the hybrid strains over their wild types is an evidence for the compatibility of crossed genotypes. Highest produced enzyme was manganese peroxidase by hybrid LN 97 with 3.25 Uml–1, followed by laccase with 3.06 Uml–1 obtained in LN 91 (hybrid). Lignin peroxidase was the least enzyme produced, but with better performance in hybrid LN 97 (2.75 Uml–1). Dendrogram of relationship among the genotypes revealed two major clusters. Cluster II contained singleton (LN 95), hybrid strain which totally separated from both parents. Most strains clustered away from their parents, authenticating the hybrids produced. Current study shows the Pleurotus employed for this investigation are cross compatible with high expression of heterosis in hybrid strains relative to the parents on the basis of enzymes produced. This technique could serve as a good tool in breeding programs for Pleurotus strain improvement.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):423-430
pages 423-430 views

Plant Protection

Efficiency of phytovirological monitoring of cereal crop breeding in Primorsky krai

Gapeka A.V., Volkov Y.G., Kakareka N.N., Pleshakova T.I., Kozlovskaya Z.N., Klykov A.G., Murugova G.A., Bogdan P.M., Konovalova I.V.

Abstract

Data on the extent and dynamics of the viral diseases affecting cereal crops in breeding nurseries have been obtained as a result of the phytovirological monitoring. The deterious pathogens affecting the spring barley and the spring and winter wheat are identified under the conditions of the region. The necessity to produce the cereal varieties resistant to the viral infections and the use them in breeding is shown.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):431-434
pages 431-434 views

Biophysics

Effects of locally applied low-intensity electromagnetic infrared and millimeter radiation on plants

Shogenov Y.K., Izmailov A.Y., Romanovsky Y.M.

Abstract

The paper puts forward the mechanism of action of local low-intensity infrared and millimeter electromagnetic radiation on plant tissues. Electric response of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants to the local exposure to low-intensity electromagnetic radiation (0.1–10 mW/cm2) in the infrared and millimeter range using the method of extracellular derivation of the bioelectrical potential was measured. Plots were constructed of the bioelectric potential response amplitude against income electromagnetic radiation intensity. Action spectrum of electromagnetic radiation on the plant bioelectric potential normalized for income intensity and cucumber leaf transmission spectrum were obtained.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):435-438
pages 435-438 views

Soil Science

Effect of soil type and overgrowth time on agrochemical parameters of fallow lands located along the accumulation trend of material–energy flow

Lednev A.V., Dmitriev A.V.

Abstract

It has been shown that changes in agrochemical parameters of fallow lands depend on the type of soil and the time of overgrowth. A gradual acidification of the postagrogenic layer, its differentiation into two sublayers by the contents of humus and total exchangeable bases, and a decrease in the content of mineral nutrients are observed in overgrown agrosoddy-podzolic soils. In agrogray soils, these processes are less intense.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):439-443
pages 439-443 views

Evolutionary trends in the geochemistry of steppe soils under long-term agricultural use

Lisetskii F.N., Marinina O.A., Pichura V.I., Buryak Z.A., Vorob’eva E.Y.

Abstract

The aim of this research was to identify long-term changes in the material composition of arable and fallow lands in the agricultural district of an ancient center in the Northern Black Sea region. Geochemical features of changes in the upper mineral soil horizon of different-aged arable and fallow lands near the ancient city of Kerkinitis were studied. The multitemporal boundary between arable lands of different ages was identified, and indicators to diagnose residual signs of former agricultural loads were revealed in the material composition of agrozems using geostatistical methods. The use of such unique objects of study as soils of ancient agricultural areas is related to the potential evaluation of risks of fertility loss because of slow but practically irreversible processes of pedogenesis and the opportunity to prevent or reduce their negative manifestations in arable land.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):444-448
pages 444-448 views

Assessment of resistance of soddy-calcareous typical soils of the Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus to chemical contamination

Kolesnikov S.I., Kuzina A.A., Kazeev K.S., Akimenko Y.V., Kozun Y.S., Myasnikova M.A., Lubentsova D.V.

Abstract

Based on laboratory modeling, a conclusion has been made that contamination of soddy-calcareous typical soil of the Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus by Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and oil results in its poorer biological properties. The total number of bacteria drops, the activity of catalase and dehydrogenase and celluloselytic activity become smaller, the amount of bacteria of the Azotobacter genus decreases, and the parameters of germination and initial growth of radish become poorer. With respect to the adverse effect on the biological properties of the investigates soil, heavy metals may be arranged into the following series: Cr > Cu ≥ Ni = Pb. Qualitative benchmarks of the regional maximum permissible contents of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and oil in soddycalcareous typical soils of this region were determined on the basis of changes in ecological soil functions.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):449-453
pages 449-453 views

Melioration

Combination of the natural and anthropogenically-controlled conditions for obtaining various rice yield using drip irrigation systems

Kruzhilin I.P., Doubenok N.N., Ganiev M.A., Melichov V.V., Abdou N.M., Rodin K.A.

Abstract

The possibility to use drip irrigation systems to cultivate rice with periodic irrigation based on the results of the researches carried out in 2013–2015 is shown. The test was conducted on the crops of aerobic rice of the Volgogradskii variety according to the two-factorial scheme, including three variants of the soil water mode with the constant and differentiated preirrigation threshold and soil moistening layer and three variants of macrofertilizer rates calculated for collecting 5, 6, and 7 t of grain from 1 ha. On average for the years of experiments, the rice yield depending on the studied factor changed from 5.13 to 6.87 t/ha at the irrigation rate 4440–6060 m3/ha. To obtain 5 t/ha, 6 t/ha, and 7 t/ha, the irrigation water consumption totaled 1013—959 m3/t, 860–805 m3/t, and 771–716 m3/t. The profitability of rice production according to such technology achieved 57.3–116.5% depending on the yield.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):454-457
pages 454-457 views

Animal Husbandry

Candidate genes for control of cattle milk production traits

Glazko V.I., Andreichenko I.N., Kovalchuk S.N., Glazko T.T., Kosovsky G.Y.

Abstract

The analysis of the frequencies of occurrence of alleles and genoypes by the genes encoding the milk proteins (kappa-casein, casein alpha 1S, and beta-lactoglobulin) and two key enzymes of the lipid synthesis (acil-CoA diacilglicerol aciltransferaza-1 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1) in dairy (Black-and-White Holsteinized and Ayrshire breeds) and beef (Aberdeen-Angus and Kalmyk breeds) cattle has been performed. According to the literature and our own data sets, it was ascertained that the allelic variants of candidate genes participating in the metabolic processes and defining their functional specificity to control the important economic traits, including the milk production, are not reliable bioindicators required for the early prediction in this case. However, the allelic variants of the genes, such as kappa-casein and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, may be used to predict the quality but not the quantity of milk, for instance, the size of micellae in milk, the suitability of milk for firm cheese production, and the enrichment of products with unsaturated fatty acids.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):458-464
pages 458-464 views

Supposed model of behavior of polymeric feed additive in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminant animals

Grudina N.V.

Abstract

This article presents the expected behavior of a high molecular weight water-soluble polymer—base of the Solunat feed additive—in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, which is determined by the chemical properties of the polymer and the peculiarities of the digestive system of ruminants. This provides interaction with proteins/amino acids of feeds and enzymatic membrane proteins resulting in a more complete digestion of forages and an increased productivity of animals.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):465-468
pages 465-468 views

Reproductive ability of pastel sables

Kuznetsov G.A., Kharlamov K.V., Fedoseeva G.A., Naryshkina E.K.

Abstract

The article demonstrates the data on the reproductive ability of pastel and black sables under different breeding methods. The researches were carried out during two periods: in 2006–2009 and 2011–2014. During the first period, four groups of 2–6-year-old females were formed according to coloring: I — ♂ pastel × ♀ pastel; II — ♂ pastel × ♀ black; III — ♂ black × ♀ pastel; IV — ♂ black × ♀ black. During the second period, the females of all ages were selected and divided into three groups similar by the color to the animals of the groups I, II, and III. During the first period of the experiment in group I, there were 32 females, the kits crop per one successfully littered female totaled 2.77, that per the principal one totaled 1.98; that in group II totaled 55, 2.89, and 1.89 respectively; that in group III totaled 17, 2.93, and 2.41; that in group IV totaled 371, 3.08, and 1.98. During the second period, these indices totaled 27, 1.28, and 1.00 in group I; 93, 3.36, and 2.71 in group II; 62, 3.08, and 2.39 in group III.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):469-471
pages 469-471 views

Veterinary

Genetic polymorphism of the bovine leukemia virus in the Russian federation

Gulyukin M.I., Kozyreva N.G., Ivanova L.A., Stepanova T.V., Gulyukina I.A.

Abstract

Nucleotide sequence of a section of the Env 105 gene of bovine leukemia provirus isolates, obtained from farm animals in different regions of Russia, was determined. Conducted phylogenetic analysis has allowed us to assess heterogeneity of the studied population of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Based on results of BLV genetic diversity, four virus’s genotypes—I, II, IV, and VII with dominating genotype IV—were detected.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):472-475
pages 472-475 views

Modeling

Simulation of airflow and particle motion in a direct-flow spray dryer

Kharitonov V.D., Burlev M.Y., Smokotin E.V., Kuznetsov P.V.

Abstract

The airflow motion in an upright direct-flow drying chamber is modeled with a heat carrier centrally fed to a cone of centrifugally sprayed dry milk particles. The calculations to describe this process are presented. Taking account of the gas dynamics of submerged jet motion, the derived dependences are compared with the results of testing a commercial spray dryer with a capacity of 500 kg of evaporated moisture per hour.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):476-481
pages 476-481 views

Mechanization

Freeze-drying of fodder

Syrovatka V.I.

Abstract

This article presents conceptual procedures of designing freeze-drying of protein rich fodders, such as fish and other seafood, and suggests a continuous method of freeze-drying in a freeze dryer with uniform processed product warm-up in any point of the chamber space. The substantiated freeze-drying mode includes product freezing at–30 to–50°C and drying down to a moisture content of 5–8% at 120–130°C.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):482-484
pages 482-484 views

Study of the impact action of the grinder that processes vegetables, gourds, and melons

Aliev S.G.

Abstract

This article considers the conditions for the impact of forces applied by the operating element of the grinder used to process vegetables, gourds, and melons for conservation. The simulated elastic impact is studied that is produced by shock pulses embodied in time-variable normal and tangential forces applied to both bodies in collision. The calculation formulas are derived for use as the ground for the quantitative estimation of the tangential impact action of the operating grinder element on the treated material uneven on the outside and inside. The grinder is installed on the processing line, where vegetables, gourds, and melons are prepared for conservation. A mathematical relation is derived between the force of impact on the processed material to its mechanical and processing characteristics, such as friction properties, modulus in shear, Poisson ratio, numbers of single discrete contact spots on material surfaces, local deformation, static characteristic of the free product surface topography, and number of single tangential impact actions of operating elements.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):485-487
pages 485-487 views

The effect of water-diesel emulsion usage on a tractor engine performance and emission

Azimi M., Mirjavadi S.S., Davari E., Seifi M.R.

Abstract

This manuscript evaluates the effect of emulsified diesel fuel on the engine performance and emission for a water-cooled, four stroke, four cylinders and direct injection diesel engine. The water content of emulsified diesel fuels is in the range of 0–10% by volume. During experiments, the engine speed was varied from 1600 rpm to 1900 rpm. It is noted that that the emulsion fuel containing 2% water content had greater engine power and torque values and lower exhaust emissions. The overall engine noise emission was found to increase with engine speed. It also could be seen that the emulsified diesel fuel combustion did not increase the engine noise comparing to neat diesel fuel. From this study, it could be concluded that using this type of emulsion could improve the engine performance with the decrease in the exhasut emission. Therefore, it could be a good alternative for using in diesel engines.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):488-492
pages 488-492 views

Hydrotechnics

Analysis of calculation results for transient processes in pressure pipes using cluster analysis and neural network methods

Karambirov S.N., Mordyasov M.A., Umansky P.M.

Abstract

This paper presents the results of calculation of specific transient processes applicable to the current water supply system. Any short-term power failure is stated as a disturbing action that can induce hydraulic impacts. In addition to the decision to be made in the conventional “time–hydraulic value” rated coordinates, the initial data were processed using the cluster analysis and neural network methods, which made it possible to gain fundamentally new results.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):493-496
pages 493-496 views

Ecology

Impact of environmental quality on the mobility of heavy metals in plants under the conditions of agroforestry systems

Kokin A.V., Shumakova G.E.

Abstract

The cultivation of tomatoes in two experimental sites under the conditions of unprotected and protected by a forest belt and in two control sites outside the influence of highways has been studied following irrigation with water of different composition. It has been found that the pollution from highways causes not only an increase in the concentrations of heavy metals in leaves, stems, fruits, and seeds of tomatoes, which is well-known, but also induces changes in their structure within the mobility series of elements. This influence has an adverse result during irrigation with the water of different composition. The effect of self-organization of plants by the example of tomatoes in agroforestry systems leads to a significant transfer of heavy metals in the shell of seeds, thereby protecting the seed kernels from excessive pollution with heavy metals.

Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016;42(6):497-500
pages 497-500 views