On terminology and clinical classification of onychomycoses
- Authors: Yakovlev A.B.1, Kruglova L.S.1, Mayorov R.Y.1
-
Affiliations:
- Central State Medical Academy of Department of Presidential Affairs
- Issue: Vol 28, No 5 (2025)
- Pages: 586-593
- Section: DERMATOLOGY
- URL: https://journal-vniispk.ru/1560-9588/article/view/359055
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/dv681953
- EDN: https://elibrary.ru/HRKANG
- ID: 359055
Cite item
Abstract
Onychomycosis is the most prevalent fungal infection of the skin and its appendages. Mycosis is an active process associated with morphological, anatomical, physiological, immune, and functional changes in the nail plate. All these changes are caused by the growth of the fungal pathogen. Onychomycosis can be caused by a variety of factors; it is a widespread condition, with prevalence varying depending on region, age, and occupation.
The types of nail lesions differ between the Russian and international classifications of nail mycoses; however, these differences are not substantial. Indeed, nail lesions according to Arievich (1956) and Zaias (1972) match and complement each other effectively. Arievich classified all onychomycoses as normotrophic, hypertrophic, or atrophic. Zaias’s classification of nail mycoses uses the sectoral principle to assess pathogenic fungus spread and includes distal subungual, superficial, proximal subungual, and total dystrophic clinical forms. Baran’s classification clarifies and updates the types of nail lesions, distinguishing between distal and lateral, white superficial, proximal, total dystrophic, and endonyx onychomycosis. Furthermore, older classifications do not include marginal lesions and misinterpret the “atrophic onychomycosis” concept from a pathoanatomical perspective.
This work aimed to summarize Russian and international classifications of onychomycoses and to propose a new interpretation of marginal lesions and atrophic onychomycosis.
Full Text
##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Alexey B. Yakovlev
Central State Medical Academy of Department of Presidential Affairs
Author for correspondence.
Email: ale64080530@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7073-9511
SPIN-code: 6404-7701
MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor
Russian Federation, MoscowLarisa S. Kruglova
Central State Medical Academy of Department of Presidential Affairs
Email: kruglovals@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5044-5265
SPIN-code: 1107-4372
MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor
Russian Federation, MoscowRoman Y. Mayorov
Central State Medical Academy of Department of Presidential Affairs
Email: roman1396@bk.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1911-6743
Russian Federation, Moscow
References
- Jacobsen AA, Tosti A. Predisposing factors for onychomycosis. In: Onychomycosis: an illustrated guide to diagnosis and treatment. Tosti A, Vlahovic T, Arenas R, editors. Cham: Springer; 2017. Р. 11–19. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-44853-4_2
- Kara YA, Erdoğan FG, Çöloğlu D. A case of onychomycosis due to aspergillus flavus in all fingernails and toenails of an immunocompromised patient and healing with 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Türkiye Klinikleri J Case Rep. 2018;26(4):182–187. doi: 10.5336/CASEREP.2018-59962
- Tamer F, Yuksel ME. Onychomycosis due to mixed infection with non-dermatophyte molds and yeasts. Our Dermatology Online. 2019;10(3):267–269. doi: 10.7241/OURD.20193.10
- Frazier WT, Santiago-Delgado ZM, Stupka KC. Onychomycosis: rapid evidence review. Am Fam Physician. 2021;104(4):359–367.
- Mishra R, Tamrakar S. Production, partial optimization, and characterization of keratinase enzyme by fungal species isolated from soil of bhopal. In: Applied Mycology. Shukla ACh, editor. Series: Fungal Biology. Springer Nature; 2022. Р. 95–110. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-90649-8_4
- Pal M, Dave P, Dave K, et al. Etiology, clinical spectrum, epidemiology, new developments in diagnosis and therapeutic management of onychomycosis: an update. Am J Microbiol Res. 2023;11(1):19–24. doi: 10.12691/ajmr-11-1-3 EDN: BAJNWW
- Cohen PR. The lunula. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34(6):943–953; quiz 954-6. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(96)90269-8
- Sakania LR, Piruzyan AL, Korsunskaya IM. Modern risk factors and features of treatment of onychomycosis. Medical alphabet. 2020;(2):20–23. doi: 10.33667/2078-5631-2020-2-20-23 EDN: WLRRSA
- Fungal lesions of the nail complex: principles of therapy. Educational and methodical manual for postgraduate education. Tlish MM, editor. Krasnodar; 2016. 49 р. (In Russ.)
- Albucker SJ, Falotico JM, Choo ZN, et al. Risk factors and treatment trends for onychomycosis: a case-control study of onychomycosis patients in the all of us research program. J Fungi (Basel). 2023;9(7):712. doi: 10.3390/jof9070712 EDN: PEDEEY
- Shah VK, Desai AD, Lipner SR. Retrospective analysis of onychomycosis risk factors using the 2003–2014 national inpatient sample. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2024;14(2):e2024074. doi: 10.5826/dpc.1402a74 EDN: KVZEUU
- Widasmara D. Onychomycosis finger and toe nail by Cryptococcus laurentii, Tr. verrucossum and Candida sp. Indonesian J Tropical Infect Dis. 2018;7(2):45–49. doi: 10.20473/IJTID.V7I2.6723
- Weber EI, Martin KL. Onychomycosis: a comprehensive overview. J Dermatol Nurse’s Associat. 2023;15(3):138–145. doi: 10.1097/jdn.0000000000000738 EDN: ORPRUM
- Meissner G. Pilzbildung in nägel. Arch Physiol Heilkunde. 1853;(12):193–196.
- Virchow R. Zur normalen und pathologischen Anatomie der nägel und der oberhaut. Verh Physikal Med Gesellsch Würzburg. 1854;(5):83–105.
- Arievich AM, Shetsiruli LT. Pathology of nails. Tbilisi; 1976. 293 p. (In Russ.)
- Yakovlev AB, Mayorov RYu, Kruglova LS. Issues of improving clinical classification of onychomycosis. MIA Medical bulletin. 2024;132(5):39–45. doi: 10.52341/20738080_2024_132_5_39 EDN: ZNMYLI
- Kashkin PN, Sheklakov ND. Handbook of medical mycology. Moscow: Meditsina; 1978. 330 р. (In Russ.)
- Kumar J, Singh I, Kushwaha RK. Keratinophilic fungi: diversity, environmental and biotechnological implications. In: Progress in mycology. Satyanarayana T, Deshmukh SK, Deshpande MV, editors. Singapore: Springer; 2021. Р. 419–436. doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-2350-9_15
- Morgan AM, Baran R, Haneke E. Anatomy of the nail unit in relation to the distal digit. In: Nail surgery: a text and atlas. Krull E, Zook E, Baran R, Haneke E, editors. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. Р. 1–28.
- Ito T, Ito N, Saathoff M, et al. Immunology of the human nail apparatus: the nail matrix is a site of relative immune privilege. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125(6):1139–1148. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23927.x
- Haneke E. Anatomy, biology, physiology and basic pathology of the nail organ. (In German). Hautarzt. 2014;65(4):282–290. doi: 10.1007/S00105-013-2702-2 EDN: EJDEHE
- Haneke E. Surgical anatomy of the nail apparatus. Dermatol Clin. 2006;24(3):291–296. doi: 10.1016/j.det.2006.03.007
- Zaias N. Onychomycosis. Arch Dermatol. 1972;105(2):263–274.
- Baran R, Hay RJ, Tosti A, Haneke E. A new classification of onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139(4):567–571. doi: 10.1046/J.1365-2133.1998.02449.X
- Sergeev VY, Sergeev YY. Diagnosing onychomycosis with dermoscopy and the strategy of early intervention. Immunopatology, allergology, infectology. 2017;(2):51–62. doi: 10.14427/jipai.2017.2.51 EDN: ZFIBOL
Supplementary files








