Nanoparticles and nanomaterials as inevitable modern toxic agents. Review. Part 1. Application of nanoparticles and occupational nanotoxicology

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Abstract

Almost every person in all spheres of activity is in contact with nanoparticles (NPs) worldwide. The use of NPs in medicine, everyday life, food industry, and many other areas is expanding. Therefore, in the 2010s, a new scientific direction, namely, nanosafety, was developed actively. The effects of contact with NPs on cells and tissues, including inflammation, development of oxidative stress, disruption of the DNA structure, apoptosis, and disruption of the functioning of tissues and organs, have been studied within the framework of the study of molecular and cellular toxicity. NPs with waste and emissions are carried by air, water, and soil, which then enter living organisms. The impact of NPs on ecosystems is assessed on the basis of their toxicity to the environment. NPs pose a significant danger to workers in production, where contact with NPs can be long and chronic. In occupational pathology, data are accumulated on NP-induced health problems and associated risk factors in workers in the nanotechnology industry. Given the abundance of NPs in human, expectant mothers and young children inevitably come into contact with them; therefore, studying the influence of NPs on the intrauterine and early development of offspring is an important area of research. The brain is a vulnerable place for exposure to NPs because of their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Evidence of disturbances in the structure and functions of the brain in adults and young animals is found in all areas of research on the toxicity of NPs. Methods for assessing various aspects of behavior based on various brain functions, including cognition, can provide insights into the negative consequences of contact with NPs for high nervous activity. These results are described in detail and systematically in the presented review. However, such results need further research. In a number of studies, the toxic effect of NPs remains unclear. Furthermore, whether these situations can be used for protection against the toxic effects of NPs must be investigated.

About the authors

Alexandra L. Ivlieva

Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky

Author for correspondence.
Email: ivlieva@medphyslab.com
SPIN-code: 5555-1343

researcher (Biology)

Russian Federation, Moscow

Inga Zinicovscaia

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

Email: zinikovskaia@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0820-887X
SPIN-code: 6814-1720

Dr. Sci. (Chemistry)

Russian Federation, Dubna

Elena N. Petriskaya

Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky

Email: medphys@monikiweb.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3836-0103
SPIN-code: 2641-3111

PhD (Biology)

Russian Federation, Moscow

Dmitry A. Rogatkin

Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky

Email: d.rogatkin@monikiweb.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7755-308X
SPIN-code: 9130-8111
http://www.medphyslab.ru

Dr. Sci. (Technic), Associate Professor

Russian Federation, Moscow

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