Vol 24, No 1 (2024)
Russian History
The constitutional process in the Republic of Volga Germans in the 1920s – 1930s: Content and essence
Abstract
The article examines the constitutional policy of the Soviet state in relation to the autonomous republic of Volga Germans that existed in 1924–1941 as part of the RSFSR, shows this policy as an integral part of the general national-state policy towards national minorities, to whom the Bolshevik government was granted a certain form of statehood. The characteristic of the two constitutions of the Non–Republic of 1926 and 1937 is given – as octroated, i.e. granted from above and therefore contained as much independence as allowed by the center. The state policy related to the implementation of the content of these constitutions is described. The principle of octroism unified and strictly regulated national life, giving it a rather limited place and thus allowing the authorities to quickly implement the process of integrating peoples into a new socio-political system.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):4-8
4-8
Combat equipment of the South Russian Organization of “People’s Will” in 1885–1886
Abstract
During 1885, the South Russian organization of “People’s Will” by the leadership of B. D. Orzhikh created its own bombs set and provided their storage. These bombs were create for demoralization of the tsarist government. Because of objective reasons caused by recovery of weakened party, the southern revolutionaries did not have time to start the full realization of their plans about bombs using. In reality, the main work focused on the consolidation of revolutionary forces and propaganda activities until the liquidation of the group during 1886–1887. The group of B. D. Orzhikh really had only programs, plans and bombs, but not a terror as such; as a result, it is appropriate to study these components separately. This article will examine the history of the creation, storage and destruction of bombs of the South Russian organization in the period 1885–1886.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):9-16
9-16
Leningrad in the structure of scientific and technical cooperation between the Soviet Union and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976–1983
Abstract
The article analyzes the role of Leningrad in the structure of scientific and technical cooperation between the USSR and SRV in 1976– 1983 on the basis of archival data. The author comes to a conclusion about high quality results of Leningrad institutions collaborating with SRV, successes of Leningrad leadership in cooperation with regions of Vietnam, involvement of most large industrial enterprises, leading higher educational institutions, design and research organizations of the city in scientific and technical cooperation between the USSR and SRV.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):17-23
17-23
The phenomenon of collaborationism in the territories of the USSR occupied by Nazi Germany (1941–1944): Points of view and assessment in historiography
Abstract
An extensive domestic and foreign historiography has been created on the topic of collaborationism and related problems. The purpose of this work is to consider the phenomenon of collaborationism and the forms of its manifestation in the temporarily occupied territories of the southern regions of Russia, the Crimea, the North Caucasus, to compare the approaches of researchers in understanding its essence, forms and scales. Based on the analysis of assessments of this complex social phenomenon and a review of the developments of the latest domestic historiography, a conclusion was made about the need for further research on the topic. A larger-scale introduction into scientific circulation of such documents as reports on military operations of the enemy, memorandums and orders located in foreign archives, as well as additional involvement of historical sources of personal origin, is in demand. The importance of addressing this problem is caused not least by the attempts of modern anti-Russian forces to revise and revise the results of the Great Patriotic War.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):24-33
24-33
World History
Anne of Bohemia – Queen of England
Abstract
The article examines the history of the dynastic marriage of King Richard II of England and the daughter of the Bohemian King and Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV Anna of Bohemia, analyzes her role in the life of the English kingdom, as well as the historical consequences of the dynastic marriage for the development of England and the Bohemia.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):34-39
34-39
Dauphin Louis and the University of Paris: An attempt to seize power in France in April – May 1413
Abstract
This article is devoted to the study of the political crisis in France at the beginning of 1413. In the course of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the illness of King Charles VI required government reform. Two trends emerged – aristocratic (preservation of power within the Valois family, but with its transfer into the hands of the Dauphin Louis) and democratic (limitation of royal power through the admission of people of humble origin to government). In the first half of 1413, the Dauphin Louis attempted to seize power, which provoked an uprising in the capital. In turn, the University of Paris used the unrest to get Charles VI to sign a reform project in the form of the Ordinance of Cabochins. The Duke of Burgundy, Jean the Fearless, tried to maintain his influence on the king. As a result, attempts to remove the king ended in failure, and Charles VI retained the crown.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):40-48
40-48
Garrison and the town community of Berwick-upon-Tweed on the orders of Henry VIII and Elizabeth Tudor
Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of relations between the town community and the garrison based on the analysis of documents regulating the life of Berwick-upon-Tweed. Located almost on the very border, Berwick was of great strategic importance, so the town had a military garrison. Early Tudor royal enactments pay little attention to the relationship between the townspeople and the soldiers of the garrison. The legislators were mainly interested in this problem when it came to matters of importance to the defense of the town. In this case, it usually concerns the contacts of garrison officers with the leaders of the town community. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that there is a constant interaction between the townspeople and the soldiers and that there are conflicts between them.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):49-52
49-52
Cities of England in the middle of the XVI century in the Relazioni of the Venetian ambassadors
Abstract
The article examines the data of the final reports of the Venetian ambassadors on English cities. The information of the Venetian ambassadors about the cities of England, unfortunately, is brief. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that they basically boil down to pointing out that London is the main city of the country, that other cities of England are simply listed by the Venetian ambassadors, that the testimonies of the Venetians, albeit indirectly, help to recreate the perception of the cities of the English kingdom by the Venetians.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):53-58
53-58
Self-presentation strategies of English scientists in the 17–18th centuries
Abstract
The article is devotedtothe problem of historical variability of self-presentation strategies of English scientists inthe XVII–XVIII centuries. The author pays attention to the certain case, connected with such naturalists as Joseph Banks, Daniel Solander, Jonas Dryander and Robert Brown. These scientists were involved in the corporate social network, created by Banks and known among the historians as Banksian Learned Empire. Technologies of information organizing, used by these naturalists, met the tasks of attainment visual obviousness of large data set and implementation of availability this data for wide circle of people, who were interested in content of naturalistic collections and libraries. Described strategies seem an alternative way of gaining scientific authority, what highlights the value of its researching in the context of actual researchers’reflection problem.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):59-64
59-64
British Zenana missions of the XIX century and their projects for the liberation of Indian women
Abstract
The article studies the goals, objectives, directions of work of the British zenana missions in the XIX th century based on the analysis of reports and articles in missionary magazines. It is shown that the creation of organizations was caused by the desire to help the disenfranchised women of India. Women missionaries sought to mitigate the social exclusion of Indian women, opposed cruel customs, slavery and humiliation of women, provided them with educational and medical services. Christianization was carried out without violence, through familiarization with Western culture. The author concludes that, the missionaries made a great contribution to the socio-cultural development of India, the improvement of social relations, the development of women’s education and the medical system of the British colony.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):65-72
65-72
International Relations
The evolution of Western Powers’ perceptions of the Soviet-German relations in 1918–1924
Abstract
On the basis of the study of the Documents of foreign policy of Great Britain, France and the United States the author identifies the main stages of Soviet and German relations in the socalled Rapallo period. Each stage has its own features of the perception and their prospects by these countries. The author concludes that Western countries’ assessments of German-Soviet relations are interdependent and interconnected with their foreign policy and foreign economic decisions.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):73-79
73-79
The American vector of Russia’s foreign policy in the period of Boris Yeltsin’s first presidency
Abstract
The article considers Russia’s foreign policy towards the United States in 1991–1996. The desire of the Russian leadership to achieve the level of strategic partnership with the United States is shown in the conditions of the formation of a new Russian statehood and the weakening of the country’s international positions. The conclusion ismade about the collapse of Moscow’s unjustified hopes and illusions for equal cooperation with Washington.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):80-87
80-87
Eastern Mediterranean and the Syrian issue in the foreign policy priorities of Russia and the United States
Abstract
Russian and foreign specialists continue to maintain their research interest in the Eastern Mediterranean, both in view of the energy potential of the region as well as unresolved security issues. This article considers the role of global powers – Russia and the United States – in the Eastern Mediterranean from the point of view of the theory of the regional security complex. An attempt was made to determine the interests and priorities of Moscow and Washington on the basis of an analysis of the doctrinal approaches of both states in the identified subcomplex. Approaches of the two states to the Syrian issue were analyzed as well. The subordination of the “Syrian portfolio” to other policy issues of Russia and the United States is shown, as well as global powers’ policy evolution towards this key crisis for world politics. Despite the strategic desire to stabilize the region and exit from regional conflicts, Russia and the United States retain interests that will require their presence, albeit limited. The article indicates the influence of the states of other sub-complexes of the Middle East regional security, primarily the Persian Gulf, on the Levant and, more broadly, the mesoregion of the Eastern Mediterranean, as well as the growing weight of regional powers in general.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):88-97
88-97
The U. S. Sanctions Policy towards the DPRK (1948–2020)
Abstract
The article examines the evolution of the sanctions policy of the United States against North Korea. It is noted that this policy has gone through several stages over the past seventy years. The article analyzes the reasons for the restrictions, as well as the results achieved by the White House administration. The periodization of the US sanctions policy towards the DPRK is given.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):98-101
98-101
Regional History and Local Studies
The Governor of Saratov stolnik Danila Varfolomeevich Khitrovo (1659–1660)
Abstract
The article for the first time presents the biography of the Saratov governor Danila Varfolomeevich Khitrovo, as well as brief information about his ancestors, the Bolkhov landowners. D. V. Khitrovo began his service at the court of Tsar Mikhail Romanov in the late 1630s. as a tenant. During the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, he continued to serve as a solicitor, and then as a steward. Particular attention is paid to the Saratov period in the life of D. V. Khitrovo. A description of the inner life of Saratov, the occupations of the inhabitants is given, the names of foreign ambassadors and guests who visited the city during this voivodeship are given. Danila Khitrovo died at the voivodship post in Saratov, leaving no heirs.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):102-113
102-113
“Caretakers” in the system of self-government of the Nakhichevan Armenian colony on the Don (1779–1870)
Abstract
Caretakers were established in 1779 as “protectors” of settlers. They were mentioned in Nakhchivan only in 1784 (in 1782–1783 – the town governor). Newly appointed by the magistrate in 1837, two custodians functioned until 1844, and their functions were transferred back to the magistrate’s assessors. In 1780, four custodians were appointed in the villages. They, as lower police officers, acting according to the “Instruction” received from the magistrate, existed until the reforms of the 1860s.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):114-122
114-122
Economic relations between Saratov and Ufa at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries (forest bargaining)
Abstract
The article shows one of the main directions in economic contacts between Saratov and Ufa – timber trade in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The main source was the reporting of the Ufa branch of the Volga-Kama Commercial Bank, one of the largest private banks of the Russian Empire, whose branches opened in Saratov in 1871, and in Ufa in 1873. The main feature of the Ufa forest trade in Saratov was the use of promissory notes due to the need to quickly sell goods before the end of navigation. The documentation of the Volga-Kama Bank contains information about specific Saratov entrepreneurs.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):123-127
123-127
Creation and activity of the labor collective on the rights of the artel “Community” at the Taganrog Institute for the Scientific Organization of Production (Based on the Taganrog Branch of the GARO)
Abstract
This article discussesthe activities ofthe Taganrog Instituteforthe Scientific Organization of Production atthe final stage ofthe existence of the organization, which, among the different areas of its work, was to create a labor collective on the rights of the artel “Communityээ. The author identified the reasons for its creation, showed the main directions of its work, as well as its leaders on the basis of archival materials stored in the Taganrog branch of the GARO.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):128-134
128-134
Critics and Bibliography
The place of Samuel Johnson in the spiritual life of British society in the second half of the 18th century
Abstract
The review is devoted to the analysis of the monograph, which examines the place and role of the educator S. Johnson in the spiritual life of British society in the second half of the 18th century. The reviewer shows that the author of the monograph was able to convincingly prove that the intellectual heritage of the compiler of the “Dictionary of the English Language”, a moralist and literary critic, most fully reflected the trend towards self-identification that dominated contemporary English culture. The reviewer’s attention is focused on considering how this problem was solved.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(1):135-138
135-138