Vol 24, No 3 (2024)
- Year: 2024
- Articles: 17
- URL: https://journal-vniispk.ru/1819-4907/issue/view/24479
Full Issue
Russian History
Cement production in Russia: Stakeholders and effectiveness of regional business at the end of the XIX century
Abstract
The activities of “Petersburg Company for the production of Glukhoozersky Portland cement and other building materials” between 1879 and 1899, although only a initial period segment in its history, provides a holistic overview of phase that enterprise underwent on their path to becoming a large industrial firm. This study aims to improve and expand knowledge about the capacity and difficulties of industrial company to adapt to market changes and maintain their competitiveness, interregional coherence and organizational flexibility. This article explores changes in ownership and management structure and application of new technological practices during this period, which in turn led this enterprise to the status of the leader in the cement industry in capital. A case study of key group of shareholders (military engineers) tests the effectiveness of model of reconciliation of interests on results of twenty years of work of the company.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):284-293
284-293
“Historian by inclination” and “Zoshchenko in philosophy”: The scandalous career of the writer H. G. Ajemyan
Abstract
In the 1940s and 1950s, the writer H. G. Ajemyan actively participated in a number of important scientific discussions on history and philosophy: a meeting of historians in 1944, a discussion about the movement of Caucasian mountaineers, a philosophical discussion in 1947, a discussion of a report on the nature of nations in 1957, at which he was the main “troublemaker”. His bold ideas about the monistic unity of the state and the people, the harm of class struggle and national liberation movements to strengthen the power of the Russian state, the use of Orthodoxy to fight the Vatican, and the priority of cultural factors over economic factors in the formation of nations were criticized by academic science and party ideologists. At the same time, Ajemyan’s speeches were used by the authorities to identify ideological positions in the professional scientific community, and his interpretation of the reactionary essence of Muridism and Imamate Shamil became official after a while. In 1943, he appealed to Stalin with an absurd plan to end the war.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):294-304
294-304
Formation of Soviet control bodies (1926–1934)
Abstract
The article considers the activities of the authorities in the direction of finding an acceptable model for the organization of control in a Soviet-type society. Based on archival sources, methods and technologies related to the involvement of workers to the work of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate and the construction of the entire system of functioning of control departments are analyzed. It is also shown how such a practice was coordinated with the course of the CPSU (b) and the Soviet government, difficulties and contradictions that prevented the involvement of citizens in the management of the state in the face of growing internal party contradictions.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):305-311
305-311
Evacuation of industry and civilian population to the territory of Kuzbass during the Great Patriotic War
Abstract
The paper examines the process of evacuation of industrial facilities and civilian population to the territory of the Kemerovo region – Kuzbass during the Great Patriotic War. The author provides information on the number of evacuated enterprises, and also clarifies their locations before and after the relocation. The largest industrial facilities in Kuzbass are highlighted, which were created even before the start of the war and were industrial sites for the commissioning of equipment from arriving factories. The evacuation of the civilian population in most cases occurred in clear dependence on the relocation of industrial facilities. In this regard, the author raises question about the number of evacuated citizens, both in the region as a whole and in individual cities and districts. Based on these statistics, it gives the percentage of the number of evacuees to the total population. In addition, based on archival documents, the author pays attention to aspects related to the evacuation process: reception and accommodation, medical and consumer services, employment. Also, the work highlights the difficulties that evacuated citizens had to face, as well as ways to solve them.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):312-318
312-318
The budget of a Russian peasant collective farmer in 1953–1958 (based on declassified archival documents)
Abstract
The article analyzes statistics, closed for many decades for an ordinary user, on the budgets of families of peasant collective farmers in 1958. Comparing with the indicators of the period of the beginning of agrarian reforms, we can conclude that the position of the collective farm peasantry has improved somewhat due to the reduction of taxes and fees. At the same time, cash and natural income were small, the structure of expenses did not undergo significant changes. The socio-economic situation of collective farmers inthe second half ofthe 1950s remained difficult.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):319-324
319-324
World History and International Relations
Olbiopolitans “known to the Augustans”: The title σεβαστόγνωστος in the inscriptions of Olbia in the 1st–3rd centuries AD
Abstract
The article deals withthe problem of amicitia Caesaris et populi Romani relations in Olbia, where the title σεβαστόγνωστος is fixed in honorary decrees, which can be translated as “familiar with the Augusti” or “known to the Augusti”. Based on the analysis of epigraphic and onomastic evidences, it is concluded that the title σεβαστόγνωστος goes back to a member of the new Olbian aristocracy, who rose to prominence during the “rebirth” of the city in the middle of the 1st century AD. The descendants of this family also used this title, but in relation to the ancestors from whom they descended, therefore the status of σεβαστόγνωστος was not inherited.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):325-332
325-332
Foreign historiography on the position of women in Anglo-Saxon society of the 7th – 11th centuries
Abstract
The article focuses on foreign historiography devoted to the place and role of women in Anglo-Saxon society of the 7th – 11th centuries. Based on a review of the main academic publications, three successive periods are identified: the end of the 19th – 1st half of the 20th cc. – the beginning of the study of early medieval English women as subjects of history; 1950–1980s – the beginning of systematic research in this area; the turn of the 1980–1990s to our days – a significant increase in the number of publications due to the wide use of gender methodology. While in the second period medievalists demonstrated the importance of women in Anglo-Saxon society, historians of subsequent generations sought to emphasize their suppression. It is shown that despite the extensive number of special works, in modern medieval studies there is no holistic understanding of the position of women in early medieval England.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):333-341
333-341
Women’s crime in Munster in the first half of the XVII century
Abstract
Based on the analysis of the preserved materials of the judicial and investigative cases of Munster in the first half of the XVII century, the article identifies the features of the women’s crime in the city. It is shown that the main types of women’s crimes were witchcraft, infanticide, thefts. The state of the women’s crime was influenced by socio-demographic factors, as well as the lack of financial assistance and the social support from Munster’s authorities. The conclusion is made about the insignificant number of crimes committed by women in the first half of the XVII century compared to men.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):342-347
342-347
Spanish defensive measures in the Canary Islands in the context of British plans for the conquest of Macaronesia in 1940–1942
Abstract
This article is devoted to the efforts of Francoist Spain to ensure the defense of the Canary Archipelago in 1940–1942. The obviousness of British plans to conquer Macaronesia forced the Spaniards to take measures to preserve sovereignty over the islands. The goal was achieved in conditions of resource scarcity and the threat of a naval blockade. In this situation, the leadership of the defense resorted to emergency measures. A partial mobilization of people and resources was carried out on the archipelago. The metropolis found reserves of weapons and military equipment, which made it possible to equip the created group. The scarcity of the material base limited the capabilities of the contingent, but its presence made it possible to prevent the primary plans of a potential enemy. The article concludes that the Spanish military preparations, along with the political and operational situation, prevented the planned British expansion against the Iberian archipelagos.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):348-355
348-355
Ideology, toponymy, politics of memory: The history of renaming in the Baltic countries
Abstract
The article presents an analysis of the toponymy of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in historical retrospect and the relationship with local memory politics. The practice of changing geographical names was carried out and continues to be carried out in line with the Baltic historical policy and such fundamental components as ethnocentrism, the fight against the consequences of “Soviet occupation” and decommunization. At the same time, toponymy was transformed most uniformly and consistently in Estonia and Latvia, due to similar historical development. The dynamics of changes in Lithuanian geographical objects are more specific due to the experience of their own statehood in the person of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as well as changes in borders in 1939.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):356-360
356-360
Participation of Moldova in the CIS: The influence of internal factors, evolution and problematic aspects
Abstract
The article examines the dynamics of Moldova’s participation in the CIS in the context of the internal political struggle in the republic. The author analyzes the process of a country joining the organization and highlights problematic aspects of this process. The influence of international actors on the formation of the foreign policy course of Chisinau between Russia and the EU is considered.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):361-367
361-367
Participation of the UK in the military operation in Ukraine in 2022
Abstract
The article analyzes the role and place of Great Britain in the preparation of the military conflict in Ukraine, as well as the formation of the terrorist concept of warfare led by the Ukrainian army and special services. Both direct and indirect participation of British military structures in combat actions against the Russian armed forces in 2022 is examined. The article outlines the supplies of weapons and military equipment to Ukraine by the UK, the forms and directions of training of the Ukrainian “proxy army” by British military instructors. Finally, the use of the conflict by London for conducting technical intelligence concerning new Russian weapons is shown.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):368-377
368-377
Regional History and Local Studies
Voivode of Saratov stolnik Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Boryatinsky (1666–1668): Family and service
Abstract
The article presents for the first time the biography of the Saratov voivode Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Boryatinsky, as well as brief information about his ancestors. Prince I. M. Boryatinsky began his service at the court of Tsar Mikhail Romanov in the late 1630s. As a tenant, and then a Moscow nobleman, he was the voivode of Dankov. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, he continued his service with the rank of stolnik, was a voivode in Vyazma, participated in the wars against Poland and Sweden, and suppressed the uprising of Stepan Razin. The article pays special attention to the Saratov period of the biography of Prince I. M. Boryatinsky. The characteristics of the inner life of Saratov, the occupations of the inhabitants are given, the names of foreign ambassadors and guests who visited the city during this voivodeship are given.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):378-392
378-392
The Saratov chronicler G. A. Skopin
Abstract
Deacon Skopin authored the first written work containing information on Saratov’s history. When published, it was referred to as a diary because it occasionally contains information from the author’s life. However, Skopin’s compilation is more accurately described as a chronicle, evident from his selection of facts, use of specific sources, and narrative style. Skopin omitted significant events from his life in the narrative. He did not document his experiences during the capture of Saratov by Pugachev.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):393-400
393-400
Image of the Samara entrepreneur M. D. Chelyshov
Abstract
The process of formation and development of entrepreneurship affected all spheres of economic and socio-cultural sphere of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, which contributed to the formation of a new layer of business community, actively involved in the activities of local government and the first Russian parliament. In the present article an attempt to reconstruct the biography of one of the prominent entrepreneurs of Samara province M. D. Chelyshov, who in addition to economic activity, participating in the work of the city Duma, city head and deputy of the III State Duma was engaged in solving urban, regional and national problems, which allowed to determine the characteristic features of his personality.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):401-408
401-408
The activities of the urban Orthodox parishes of the mining and processing Southern Urals in 1917–1928 in the documents of the archives of Chelyabinsk and Zlatoust
Abstract
The article reviews the written sources of two large archives of the Chelyabinsk region, reflecting the activities of Orthodox parishes of large industrial settlements of the mining and processing Southern Urals during the years of revolutionary upheavals and the formation of Soviet power. The composition, features of the content, and information saturation of documents are revealed. Despite the limited information contained in the sources of the period under study, the documents described allow us to draw up an overall picture of the activities of Orthodox parishes.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):409-413
409-413
The evolution of the national composition of Saratov province in the first half of the 1920s
Abstract
The article examines the changes in the national composition of Saratov province in the first half of the 1920s based on the materials of the All-Russian Census of 1920, the All-Union Urban Census of 1923 and the first All-Union Population Census of 1926. The factors influencing the evolution of the national structure of the region are being studied. The conclusion is made about the formation in the main features of the ethnic map of the Saratov region. The position is put forward on the development and conduct of the first censuses as the “golden” period of Soviet statistics, which had a huge impact on the country’s modernization policy.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2024;24(3):414-421
414-421