Vestnik of Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod

The article examines the socalled petty-bourgeois question, by which the author understands the complex of legal and social problems faced by this class at the beginning of the last century. All these problems worsened during the all-Russian systemic crisis that engulfed our country in 1917. They were most fully articulated at the All-Russian pettybourgeois сongresses held in the same year in the cities of Voronezh and Moscow. The main of these problems are the dilemma of preserving or eliminating the estate in the realities of the new Russia, after the overthrow of the autocracy, and the land issue. The latter, to a large extent, was generated by the City Regulations of 1870 and 1892, which cut off the bourgeoisie from disposing of urban lands in favor of not class, but urban self-government in the person of the City Duma and the City Council.

The article examines the peculiarities of the formation of the Russian historiographical tradition on the eve of the memorable date - the 100th anniversary of the Decembrist uprising. The process of formation of historical science in the 1920s took place in a complex interaction of the official Marxist ideology and the scientific heritage of pre-revolutionary trends and schools. The jubilee year of 1925 was accompanied by the publication of the works of the classics of Russian Marxist thought, the formation of the official Marxist concept in the research and textbooks of M.N. Pokrovsky, the inclusion of historians of the pre-revolutionary school in the publication and research activities, and the emergence of a galaxy of young researchers. The most important event was the publication of A.E. Presnyakov’s work «December 14, 1825». Soviet historical science was able to make significant progress in studying the topic of the Decembrist movement, to create a theoretical and source-based basis for the subsequent more detailed study of the socio-political history of Russia in the 19th century. At the same time, she laid the foundations for the mythologization and idealization of the Decembrists, and contributed to the romanticization of their images in popular culture.

The article discusses current issues of legal regulation of the organization of activities of the Russian prosecutor's office in the field of general supervision over compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In order to correctly interpret regulatory requirements and correctly use them in law enforcement practice, one should take into account the existing hierarchy of regulatory legal acts in modern Russia. In this regard, it is necessary to maintain and develop the priority of the non-departmental and intersectoral nature of general prosecutorial supervision, which should be focused on the implementation of the norms, firstly, of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and secondly, federal constitutional and federal laws. In the organizational and legal aspect, this is most effectively implemented through the institution of prosecutorial audit.

The purpose of the work is to determine what procedural legal relations in the sphere of social security are and to give a description of these legal relations. Methods: logical, analogy, analysis and synthesis. This article provides a description of procedural legal relations in the sphere of social security. The question of whether procedural legal capacity exists in the sphere of social security is examined. Based on the results of the work done, it was found that procedural legal capacity in the sphere of social security exists and that it has differences depending on the subject of the legal relations. The author of this scientific article comes to the conclusion that procedural legal relations in the sphere of social security are bilateral, and the subjects of these legal relations are applicants and social security authorities.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the content of regional legislation regulating food security. The purpose of the article is to identify approaches to the regulatory framework for food safety in various regions of the Russian Federation, identify gaps in it, and identify prospects for further improvement of the relevant rules based on their systematization at the federal level. The goal was achieved using general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, dialectical method) and the formal legal method. Analyzing the content of the legal literature and the current regional legislation on food security, the author came to the conclusion that it is advisable to develop a single mechanism for ensuring it throughout the country, which will regulate the procedures for holding tenders and tenders for the purchase of agri-cultural raw materials and food products for regional food funds, as well as state control (supervision) over the replenishment and expenditure of their stocks., frequency of budget allocation, safety audits, coordination of the list and volumes of harvested goods, as well as issues of food import substitution, strategic planning for the development of regional territories, identification of their food potential, organization of food trade in case of food shortages.

The approach to determining the legal status of legal persons in virtual reality (VR) is substantiated. A new concept of VR is proposed, suggesting that VR will evolve into an environment where legal persons can acquire rights and obligations. Such virtual realities will be subject to current legislation as well as the platform's usage rules. A comparative analysis of the terms «digital twin», «digital avatar», and «digital profile» is conducted, concluding that «digital avatar» is the most appropriate term to describe legal persons in VR. Particular attention is paid to identification, which is highlighted as a key element in establishing the legal status of VR legal persons. While its implementation is crucial, it requires assessing all potential risks. Mandatory identification may deter users from engaging with VR, leading to a proposal for varying levels of identification based on the nature of actions performed in VR. Such identification would adhere to specific legal and ethical principles. The mutual recognition of rights and obligations between the real and virtual worlds is explored, alongside the legal implications of digital avatar actions, issues of legal capacity, and the regulation of virtual legal entities.

Рurpose . The sanctions pressure exerted on the Russian Federation by Western countries limits the development of the Russian economy and complicates the implementation of international transactions between Russian and foreign companies. In this regard, it is important to consider the practice of using digital financial instruments, which also contribute to the development of financial services in electronic form, as one of the mechanisms for overcoming the sanctions pressure on the state's economy. Methodology. In the course of the research, both general scientific and private scientific methods were used: dialectical, systematic, logical, analysis and synthesis, formal legal. It is concluded that: 1) the Russian Federation is not the only state that has come under pressure from foreign countries, and therefore it makes sense to adapt ways to overcome such pressure using modern digital tools.; 2) due to the difficulty of tracking the use and regulation of the circulation of digital financial instruments and the lack of full-fledged regulatory regulation in the field under consideration, their use in the Russian Federation can become one of the effective tools to get rid of pressure along with the development of import substitution and parallel imports, however, in order for such an opportunity to appear, it is necessary to overcome a number of problems, including related to restrictions on the provision of financial services in electronic form. The scientific and practical significance of the research lies in the fact that it allows us to critically comprehend the modern experience of providing electronic financial services in Russia and abroad, as well as contributes to a theoretical understanding of practical problems related to their regulation.

The article is devoted to identifying the problems of applying the legislation on civil service in the aspect of disciplinary liability for violating the principle of protecting civil servants from unlawful interference in their professional official activities. The purpose of the work is to develop substantiated practical proposals for improving the norms on disciplinary liability of civil servants. The methodological basis of the study was general scientific (analysis, synthesis) and specific scientific (formal-legal) methods of cognition. The result of the article were proposals aimed at eliminating legislative gaps in order to ensure the preventive role of disciplinary liability for unlawful interference in the activities of civil servants. A conclusion is made on the need to establish mandatory disciplinary liability for unlawful interference in the activities of a civil servant and the application of a penalty in the form of a warning about incomplete official (official) compliance to the manager for an unlawful assignment.

The article examines one of the existing doctrinal approaches to understanding criminal procedural proof. It consists in recognizing proof not so much as a type of cognition and recording, but as a form of substantiation of the parties' positions before the subject of law enforcement. The subordination of the essence of proof to objective laws and patterns of psycho-physiological interaction of people with the surrounding reality is taken into account. The traditional commitment of Russian mechanisms of pretrial and judicial proceedings in relation to continental (Romano-Germanic) canons of criminal justice is taken into account. A conclusion is formulated on the unacceptability of this approach for use in doctrine, lawmaking and law enforcement practice. It is argued that the purpose of proof cannot be seen only in persuading the court to make a procedural decision that meets the interests of the prosecution or the defense.

There are still unresolved issues related to the division of the common property of the spouses at the dissolution of the marriage - the amount and validity of the property claims of the spouse who took minimal part in the formation of the material base of the family or did not participate in its formation at all; the nature of the property rights of former spouses in respect of common property, if they did not raise the question of its division. Objective definition of the legal regime of property acquired by spouses during marriage, from the point of view of filling the scope of the concept of "common property of spouses", as well as the actions of this regime in time. When writing the article, the modeling method and the formal legal method were used. It is proved that the common property of spouses includes only things, but not other property, and the operation of the regime of common joint property of spouses is limited only by the period of stay of persons in marriage, beyond which the modification of joint property into shared property takes place. The proposed solutions allow to optimize law enforcement practices related to the protection of the property interests of spouses.

The paper analyzes compound words (= composites) with the component «spiritually» based on the National Corpus of the Russian Language. A total of 1731 contexts and 2953 examples were analyzed. A total of 181 composites were identified, and the ususal status was determined for 34 linguistic units (19%); there were 172 two-component nominations and 9 three-component nominations. The chronological range of the analyzed contexts spans from the early 19th century to the early 21st century. Within the framework of two-component language units, three subgroups are distinguished, differentiated by the type of the producing combination: the first - the producing combination is a coordinative one, addition; the second - the producing combination is a subordinate one (adverb + base word (adjective or participle)), addition; the third - the producing combination is a subordinate one (adjective + base noun, complex-suffix method). Three-component language units are motivated by a coordinative phrase. We note that the composites of the second and third subgroups (59%) have an orthographic appearance that contradicts the logic of the «standard», where the hyphenated spelling of an adjective is determined by the coordinative relationship of the producing phrase. We believe that the repeated use of a composite in the corpus indicates its potential status (16% of occasional words).

From the philosophical point of view generalization is treated through the lens of the categories of the singular, particular and general and is realized in the form of concept and proposition. Generalized utterances of natural language have their own peculiarities, they require profound investigation and are considered on the basis of scientific, popular-science and fiction texts. Thus, the property of truth or falsity which is considered an attribute of the logical proposition is not topical for lingual utterances. Characterizing the lingual utterance according to such parameters as the speaker’s confidence in, hesitation about or knowledge of the utterance corresponding to reality seems more functional. Language parameters of the generalized utterance are determined: atemporality, regular nonreferentiality of noun groups and others, which modify three types of generalized utterances: generalizations-characteristics, generalizations-maxims, generalizations-propositions. Distinctions of a generalization-characteristic are permanent features of a concrete subject denoted by a referential noun group. Generalizations-maxims include various didactic sayings containing generalized life experience. Generalizations-propositions are scientific generalizations. The borderlines of the three types of generalized utterances are not always distinct and depend on modus characteristics and context.

The work is aimed at studying the means of negative evaluation representation in the genre of an anglophone fundamental analytical review of the foreign exchange market. The study was carried out on the material of British and American analytical agencies (“Reuters”, “IFCMarkets”, “FXStreet”), and business media (“The Economist”, “The Daily Mail”, “Bloomberg”, “Forbes”) using morphological, definitional, contextual, stylistic, linguo-axiological and communicative-pragmatic types of analysis. The article characterizes the genre of analytical review and the two types of analysis of cur-rency market data: fundamental and technical. The description of the evaluation category and the ways of its classification is presented. The investigation showed the predominance of utilitarian evaluations with a wide range of other private values, such as: emotional, intellectual, hedonistic, teleological, normative, aesthetical and ethical. Personal and non-personal forms of verbs, nouns and adjectives play a dominant role in their representation.

Economic discourse, classified as status-oriented institutional discourse, has a great influence on various spheres of life and discourse. Concepts of the economic sphere influence the cognitive behavior of all age groups and find implementation in language, borrowing into other areas not related to economics, in particular, in the form of metaphors. The phenomenon of interference of discourses can be observed: elements of economic discourse appear, among others, in the sphere of teenage literature: not only popular science, but also in fiction. This article presents the results of a conceptual and lexical-semantic analysis of a German literary text in order to identify elements of economic discourse in it, describe and classify them. The result of the study is presented in the form of linguistic representatives of concepts constituting economic discourse grouped by thematic basis. The following concepts have been identified as key economic concepts: the concepts of “business project and business processes”, “financial activities”, “production activities”, “technical equipment”, “advertising and marketing”, “professional activities of employees”. The study of the complex of concepts reflected in the German literary text allows us to trace the process of establishing a company, the main areas of its activity (production, sales, marketing, licensing activities), reorganization, etc. The interaction of the discourse of artistic sto-rytelling and economic discourse indicates both the phenomenon of interdiscursivity and the hybridization of the artistic text. The article also examines the graphic aspect and its role in the process of hybridization of literary text addressed to teenagers, in particular, in the work under consideration, the graphic aspect is involved in the inclusion of Internet discourse in the artistic narrative discourse.

The paper aims to determine the degree to which academic writers trust the machine translation systems when translating titles and abstracts for their articles. We conducted the key informant interviews and applied the mathematical statistics methods to process the obtained data. The study focused on the results of the survey, and the research subject was the respondents' perceptions of the machine translation quality when translating specialized texts from Russian into English. The results showed that the absolute majority of Russian researchers use automatic translation systems to produce titles and abstracts in English for their articles. Nevertheless, they are aware of various drawbacks of machine translation in rendering specific linguistic aspects of the source text. Thus, linguistic and translation training among academics is required.

The article, using the material of a network discourse, examines the creative potential of impersonal verbs derived from the names of cyclical time - the names of seasons, months, days of the week. The syncretic semantics of these verbs and the features of their syntagmatics are analyzed. The functions of verbs related with the formation of occasional forms, as well as with the construction of text and meaning generation are defined. The article examines active processes that involve the formation of verb paradigms based on the occasionalisms and neoderivates of the described group of verbs. The study used methods of contextual, functional and structural-semantic analysis.