Vol 19, No 1 (2024)
Architecture and urban planning. Reconstruction and refurbishment
Level of service for assessing streets and public spaces: the case of hsistorical Aleppo
Abstract
Introduction. Historic cities face the issues of sustainable development, especially city centres that have high cultural value. One of the most important topics is ensuring connectivity and accessibility as road and street networks in historic centres have their own characteristics: narrow alleys, high density of buildings, vehicles, pedestrian flows and a variety of public activities. In this aspect, there is the research interest to assess current condition of streets in the historic centres to make informed decisions about their reconstruction in order to create a flexible, comfortable and safe public environment.Materials and methods. Selecting Aleppo city as the object of study, analyzing the current situation of general plan and infrastructure of the city using GIS maps, open public data and information provided by local municipality of the city and through applying (LOS-Level of Service) method which is designed for analyzing transportation networks in this case in the historic city centre.Results. A classification of the streets of the historic city centre was developed, which is designed due to pedestrian ratios, taking into account hierarchy that considers the valuable heritage objects that are located near the studied streets that attract visitors. As a final result a method was suggested for the purpose of ranking level of street services from A to F and the classification of streets according to their values.Conclusions. Identified streets that require reconstruction solutions to improve the quality of the urban environment, with the aim of creating comfortable and safe conditions for pedestrians, while ensuring the accessibility of the urban infrastructure, taking into account its historical value.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(1):11-25
11-25
Ensemble qualities of historical buildings of textile enterprises of the 19th – early 20th centuries in the conditions of renovation of the architectural space of the city
Abstract
Introduction. The problem of renovation of the preserved historical textile enterprises is of great importance for the development of the cities of Central Russia, where a large number of now little-used or inactive textile factories of the 19th – early 20th centuries have been preserved. The correct approach to the renovation of historical textile factories should include not only new functional content, but also the comprehensive preservation of the valuable architectural and ensemble qualities of their historical buildings. The aim of the work is to consider the principal features of the architectural, typological and design solutions of these architectural heritage objects, to analyze their spatial organization and urban placement, which fundamentally determine the formation of their unique ensemble potential and the preservation of the cultural and historical traditions of the cities.Materials and methods. As a result of the analysis the principal factors determining the valuable architectural, compositional and ensemble qualities of these historical objects are identified. The high prospects for their functional renewal and renovation in the current conditions of urban development are shown.Results. The expediency of preservation and practical use of valuable structural and architectural-compositional qualities of old textile enterprises is illustrated by the example of the developed project proposal for the renovation of the complex of textile factory facilities located in the territorial structure of Rostov-Velikiy city. The high prospects of their functional renewal and renovation in the modern conditions of urban development are shown.Conclusions. The key features of ensemble potential, flexibility and plan adaptability of the considered types of buildings to the new functional use, revealed in the work, determine for designers the possibility of their active practical application in modern conditions of reconstruction and renovation of historical textile factories, that will undoubtedly give a new stimulus for the further harmonious development of the built-up areas of small and medium-sized cities of Russia.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(1):26-35
26-35
Development of architectural environment of underground structures of public and trading complexes on the example of reconstruction of Paveletsky station square
Abstract
Introduction. The relevance of studying the development of underground multi-level structures of public and trade complexes (PTC) is determined by the need for active development of underground space in large and major cities in accordance with the Strategy of Spatial Development of Russia until 2025. The formation of immersive environment in the complexes based on VR/AR technologies was facilitated by socio-economic conditions associated with the implementation of the federal project “Digital Technologies” until 2024. Active integration of landscape elements into the structure of the centres is caused by the need for environmental rehabilitation of urban areas in accordance with the Environmental Safety Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2025. The aim of the research is to identify the peculiarities of the development in the 2020s of the architectural environment of multi-level underground structures of public and trade complexes in the context of reconstruction of the central districts of large and major cities in areas that include a large urban square, using the example of the “Paveletskaya Plaza” underground multifunctional centre. The task of the analysis is to determine new trends in the development of the architectural environment of the PTC in the modern socio-economic, urban planning, environmental conditions of large and major cities that meet their requirements.Materials and methods. The study of literary sources, scientific publications, Internet resources, as well as field surveys of the complexes. Development of schematic spatial models of the complexes based on the identified modern trends of their architectural and planning organization.Results. The necessity to refine the existing PTC classification in the sites that include a large urban area has been identified.Conclusions. The omnichannel behavior of buyers requires development of architectural environment of the centres based on the expansion of volume and composition of public function, development of techniques of immersive environment creation, as well as the formation of a landscape at above-platform levels.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(1):36-44
36-44
Street art in the space of urban environment of Ryazan
Abstract
Introduction. The impact of street art on the state of space of the modern city is investigated. The object of the research is the modern urban environment considered in the context of the changing perception of street art by the urban population. The aspects of forming a favourable urban environment from the point of view of urban dweller’s stay in it are considered.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the research is an analytical review of materials reflecting the interaction between art and the viewer in general, and street subculture and the urban dweller in particular. The focus of this paper is the concept of the functionality of the time-changing urban environment and its human perception. The research methodology is based on the analysis of the urban space of Ryazan through the prism of its perception by the urban population. The empirical base contains materials, including a statistical study of the opinion of the target audience of teachers, staff and students of the Ryazan Institute (branch) of the Moscow Polytechnic University regarding the existence of the social phenomenon of street art, its dynamics and impact on public opinion, an interview reflecting the view of the artist Alexander Sinitsyn on the state of the Street art movement in Ryazan and the authors’ own participation as artists in the social project “The City in Colours”, which took place in the summer of 2022. The concrete fence of the railway tracks in Moskovskaya street was the object of creativity.Results. The main factors influencing the perception of street art by the population are revealed, the data of statistical research of the state of public consciousness is carried out, reflecting aesthetic views, social activity, involvement in the processes of transformation of the urban environment, the dynamics of perception of the visual range contained in street art objects. The authors of the paper determined the average level of awareness of residents about the activities of street artists and various works of street art.Conclusions. Street art is a new direction that is undergoing transformation processes, adapting to new trends in the modern structure of society and people’s consciousness. Modern subculture of street art will be in demand on the territory of urban space, thanks to its informational, propaganda and aesthetic component.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(1):45-53
45-53
Construction system design and layout planning. Construction mechanics. Bases and foundations, underground structures
Estimated effect of rotational components of seismic impact on the strength-strain state of simple systems
Abstract
Introduction. At the present time, when calculating structures for seismic effects, usually only the translational components of seismic effects are taken into account. However, the analysis of emerging defects in buildings and structures subjected to seismic action indicates the spatial nature of structural behavior, which indicates the necessity to take into account also the rotational components of seismic action in the design of all buildings and structures in seismic regions. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of rotational components on the stress-strain state of simple systems. In the scope of this study, the rotational components of accelerograms are obtained from both the action of only one translational component and from the action of two translational components of seismic action for an integral seismic motion model; and the equation of motion has been derived considering them.Materials and methods. The differential equations of motion for the investigated systems were solved in both planar and spatial settings. The problem in the plane formulation was solved using the central differences method in LS-DYNA software and the fourth-order Runge – Kutta method in the MATLAB software, considering one translational component and also considering one translational and one rotational component. The problem in the spatial setting was solved in the LS-DYNA software, considering only three spatial components and also considering three translational and three rotational components.Results. During the study, maximum and minimum displacement values and von Mises stress values were obtained, resulting from the action of only translational components and from the combined action of translational and rotational components.Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, a comparative analysis was conducted, leading to the conclusion that the influence of rotational components of seismic action on the stress-strain state of the investigated systems is insignificant. However, the increase in the contribution of rotational components to the stress-strain state of the system is proportional to its height.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(1):54-66
54-66
Safety of Construction and Urban Economy
Cost-effectiveness analysis of labour protection measures
Abstract
Introduction. Construction remains one of the most dangerous economic activities. During construction, workers face various risks that can lead to injuries, including falls from a height, cuts from sharp objects, bruises from falling heavy objects, and others. Fatal injury rates increased by 6.3 % in relation to 2021. In terms of economic component, the construction industry lost 92,373 man-days. The purpose of the work is to analyze the effectiveness and sufficiency of costs aimed at labour protection from 2002 to 2022.Materials and methods. Cost-benefit analysis method is used to estimate the ratio between labour protection costs and the results obtained in reducing occupational injuries in the construction industry. The analysis takes into account the costs associated with implementing labour protection measures and compares them to the outcomes achieved in terms of reducing occupational injuries.Results. In 2022, 33,347,096.1 thousand rubles were spent on labour protection measures. Out of this amount, 59.5 % of all funds, or approximately 33,347,096.1 thousand rubles, were spent for the purchase of protective clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment. The remaining funds were directed towards the implementation of other labour protection measures. There has been an annual increase in expenditures on labour protection measures since 2002. However, the real growth of cost is lower, taking into account inflation. The highest inflation was observed in 2002, the lowest in 2017, in 2022 was 11.94 %. In absolute terms, the total inflation over 20 years increased by 185.3 %, while progressive inflation amounted to 407.3 %.Conclusions. The analysis of occupational injury data for the period from 2002 to 2022 did not reveal a trend towards a decrease in industrial accidents from 2020. Some employers do not allocate enough funds for labour protection measures, which leads to a decrease in the level of safety at workplaces. This is confirmed by Rostrud data, which show that in 27.6 % of cases, the cause of injuries is unsatisfactory organization of work. Insufficient financing of labour protection measures is confirmed by the results of inspections. So, technical inspectors in 2022 found more than 4,600 violations. According to these violations, about 1,500 submissions and prescriptions were drawn up. Thus, in 2022, technical inspectors in the whole country recorded more than 4,600 violations of labour protection and 22,500 unfulfilled obligations on the part of the management of enterprises.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(1):67-76
67-76
Engineering systems in construction
Calculation of cooling of building premises in emergency modes at variable outdoor temperature
Abstract
Introduction. Further development of methods of calculation the thermal regime of premises at emergency modes of operation of heat supply systems is actual. The aim of the research is to find an approximate analytical dependence of the air temperature in the building premises on time in conditions of a sharp cold snap with further linear decrease in outdoor temperature. As a scientific hypothesis, the position is put forward about the possibility of expressing this dependence through exponential functions using as an argument the square root of the time since the beginning of cooling.Materials and methods. The basic differential equation of the convective heat balance in the room, including the most significant components of the heat flow is used under the assumption of the linear character of the outdoor temperature decrease over time, taking into account the peculiarities of the temperature wave propagation in massive enclosures in the initial period of time. The Bernoulli method for the linear differential equation of the first order is applied by representing the solution as a product of two functions.Results. The analytical expression for the approximate dependence of the temperature change in the room at a sharp cold snap with the continuation of the further decrease of the outdoor temperature according to the linear law is found. The obtained refinement of this dependence is evaluated in comparison with the solution for the case of constant outdoor parameters on the example of one of the rooms in a residential building for the climatic conditions of Moscow.Conclusions. The structure of the obtained solution is analyzed and it is shown that the continuation of external cooling leads to acceleration of room cooling, and the solution for the cooling mode previously considered by the author at constant outdoor air temperature is its special case. It was found that the continuation of external cooling additionally leads to some straightening of the internal temperature graph, because the growth of heat loss through inertial-free structures begins to compensate to some extent for the cooling slowdown associated with the release of accumulated heat from massive encloses.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(1):77-83
77-83
Development of algorithm for calculation of operation and repair efficiency of a plate heat exchanger
Abstract
Introduction. The relevance of the topic is due to the determination of the efficiency of the design and operation of heat exchangers as a result of the development of digital technologies in science and technology, including after scheduled and unscheduled repairs of devices. At the present time, a lot of normative, educational and methodological documentation has been developed. The problem is insufficient reliability of determination of efficiency of heat exchangers.Materials and methods. To solve the problem, an algorithm for calculating the efficiency of operation and repair of a plate heat exchanger is developed. The authors have created algorithms and a programme in Microsoft Excel for the design calculation of the heat exchanger, including thermal, design and hydraulic calculations of the heat exchanger, as well as the calculation of exergy the designed apparatus according to the heat exchanger design calculation programme. The web application ntcseis.ru based on the Ukit programming language can be used as an implementation of the calculation of the exergy efficiency of a plate heat exchanger.Results. Design calculation of a plate heat exchanger was performed using the Microsoft Excel programme, including thermal, design and hydraulic calculations of the heat exchanger. A manual calculation of the exergy of the designed apparatus was performed as a solution to an applied problem to determine the efficiency of the designed heat exchanger. The web application ntcseis.ru of calculation of exergy efficiency of a plate heat exchanger was developed.Conclusions. In the process of the work, the following tasks were set and solved: thermal, design and hydraulic parameters of the heat exchanger were calculated on the basis of the well-known classical methodology. The calculation results were used to determine the exergy losses of the designed heat exchanger using the calculated values of the average logarithmic temperatures and other parameters of the heating and heated heat carriers; exergy losses from heat exchange with the environment, from the final temperature difference of heat carriers, from hydraulic resistances in the paths of heat carriers; specific thermal exergy of heat carriers at the inlet and outlet of the heat exchanger; exergy flow at the inlet and outlet of the apparatus; exergy coefficient of the heat exchanger. A web application ntcseis.ru of calculation of the exergy efficiency of a plate heat exchanger is developed.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(1):84-93
84-93
Intensity of water consumption in separate water collection points of internal water supply system
Abstract
Introduction. The applied calculation methods for predicting water consumption at the objects of capital construction, when designing them, are based on the assumption of the deterministic character of elementary expenses (that is, expenses by one consumer or a water collecting device), which significantly coarsens the calculation methods and makes it impossible to analyze in detail the modes of operation of the water supply system of the considered object. The article is devoted to the study of the nature of variability and evaluation of distribution laws of elementary water consumption values arising during the operation of a number of the most common types of water-dispensing devices.Materials and methods. In the course of the study, statistical data on water consumption in cold and hot water pipelines supplying water to the most common types of water collection devices for 27 days were obtained using sensors. The data were processed and analyzed using methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics. Data processing was performed in C# and R programmes developed by the author, and visualization of the results in Microsoft Excel.Results. The main numerical characteristics of the values of elementary water flow rates are determined. Graphs of the time series, distribution density and distribution function of values of second water flow for typical cases are constructed. The distribution law is established and the analysis of the nature of the variability of the values of the second water flow for various types of water-dispensing devices is carried out, as well as a variant of their classification on this basis is proposed.Conclusions. The division of water-dispensing devices according to the character of variability of values of the second water flow rate into two groups is proposed: stochastic and conditionally deterministic. It is established that the value of the elementary flow rate for the first group of water-dispensing devices obeys the lognormal distribution, and for the second group it is a deterministic value.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(1):94-104
94-104
Application of a complex system for optical monitoring of technical condition of building structures with external composite reinforcement
Abstract
Introduction. The relevance of using modern methods for continuous assessment of the actual condition of road and railway bridges, industrial and other engineering structures is substantiated. The results of wide application of optical method for continuous control of technical condition of engineering structures under real operating conditions are presented.Materials and methods. Using quasi-distributed fibre-optic sensors based on fibre Bragg gratings. This paper presents experience in the application of fibre-optic monitoring systems, which generally include — a set of fibre-optic sensors (FOS), built on different physical principles, — multi-channel devices for their interrogation (interrogators), — built-in special software (Open source software) designed for collecting, processing and visualizing monitoring data. Among the most well-known developers and suppliers of composite systems for external reinforcement based on carbon reinforcing fibres, it is worth mentioning foreign and domestic materials under the trademarks of MasterBrace (BASF SE, Germany), SikaWrap (Sika Group, Germany), Torayca (Toray Industries, Japan), FibARM ( JSC “Prepreg-SСM”, Russia), S&P (JSC “Triada-Holding”, Russia) and others. Some of the first regulatory documents establishing requirements for organizing monitoring in the construction industry are MGSN 4.19–2005, GOST R 22.1.12–2005, MRDS-02–08 and some others.Results. It was established that one of the most promising technologies for restoration of damaged structures is the application of external reinforcement systems made of polymer composite materials based on carbon fibres and cold-curing polymer binders. The experience of practical application of composite systems of external reinforcement of engineering structures is described.Conclusions. It is shown that the results of such control allow timely revealing the reduction of bearing capacity, occurrence of operational damages, planning repair measures that the application of fibre-optic methods and means of continuous diagnostics and composite systems of external reinforcement in a complex, allows to provide safety of operation of engineering constructions in real conditions.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(1):105-114
105-114
Technology and organization of construction. Economics and management in construction
Modelling of control actions at the operational stage of the life cycle of roads
Abstract
Introduction. One of the complex problems of road asset management is the lack of unified “integral” indicators of their condition, which simultaneously take into account the change in the longitudinal smoothness of the road surface, visual condition, and the general modulus of elasticity at the operational stage of the road life cycle. Their absence leads to the impossibility of effective modelling of various scenarios of changes in the operational condition of the road when various kinds of control actions in the form of maintenance, repair and overhaul are carried out. The purpose of this study is to develop this criterion and formulate the basis for modelling various scenarios for the application of control actions at the operational stage of the life cycle.Materials and methods. As the main indicator of the road condition at the operational stage of the life cycle, it is proposed to use the integral level of safety, which is the product of the shares of the road section that are in satisfactory condition according to the indicators — the general modulus of elasticity on the surface of the pavement, longitudinal smoothness and visual condition. To substantiate the applicability of this indicator and develop a methodology for modelling control actions, the apparatus of the theory of reliability and mathematical statistics is used.Results. Based on the dependencies characterizing the change in each of these indicators during the service life, taking into account the assumption of the normal nature of their distribution, the design curve of change of the integral level of safety for highways with heavy traffic (> 5,000,000 applications of the design load for the service life) was obtained. Various scenarios for assigning control actions are considered and their influence on the value of the integral level of road safety is shown. It is shown that for a number of cases, the restoration of the consumer properties of the road without the restoration of the bearing capacity will not provide an extension of the service life. Modelling of various scenarios for the assignment of control actions in the form of maintenance, repair and overhaul work was carried out based on the indicator — the integral level of safety.Conclusions. It is shown that for a number of cases the restoration of the consumer properties of the road without the restoration of the bearing capacity will not provide service life extension. Modelling of various scenarios for the assignment of control actions in the form of maintenance, repair and overhaul has been carried out. The prospects of application of the given approach connected with the use of the apparatus of the theory of efficiency of technical systems are determined.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(1):115-127
115-127
Organizational and technological principles of building condition monitoring at the stage of life cycle operation
Abstract
Introduction. There is no concept of “life cycle of a building structure (building material)” in the available regulatory and scientific and technical literature. Since the duration of the life cycle of a real estate object largely depends on the durability of building structures and materials, it is reasonable to study the changes in the strength parameters of building structures during their life cycle. Graphical modelling of the life cycle of a building structure (building material) reflects the strength parameters of the structure at all stages of operation.Materials and methods. The methodology of the work is based on graphical modelling of the life cycle of a building structure. The relative value of compressive strength coefficient was chosen as an indicator of the concrete structure durability. The change of the compressive strength of concrete building structures can be determined according to the logarithmic law. The mathematical operator of the Cauchy problem, which consists in finding a solution to an ordinary differential equation of the first order, can be used to establish the state of a concrete structure at any period of the life cycle.Results. Graphical models of compressive strength behavior in time of the life cycle of a structure (building) are presented, showing the periods of formation of the concrete structure. The graphical model is supplemented with the period of time up to the moment corresponding to the achievement of the critical value of concrete strength, at which the structure collapses. The variants of changing the life cycle of the structure under the influence of external and internal factors are graphically depicted.Conclusions. The definition of the life cycle of a building structure (material) is proposed. The expediency of introducing the concept of “life cycle of a building structure (building material)” into regulatory documentation and scientific and technical literature is substantiated.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(1):128-137
128-137
Implementation of the state policy for innovative development of the heat supply sector
Abstract
Introduction. The state policy in the sphere of heat supply, aimed at improving the efficiency and reliability of this sphere, as well as achieving its energy security property, is implemented through the functioning of unified heat supply organizations (UHSO), acting as the centre of responsibility, modernization and technological development of heat supply in the assigned territory. One of the priority directions of modernization of heat supply is its innovative development, therefore the purpose of the study is to consider the directions of state policy implementation in the issues of innovative development of the heat supply sector, in particular, the study of issues of innovative development of UHSO. The process of innovation implementation in the study is represented by three main stages — preparatory, implementation and final. Consideration of the content characteristics of the preparatory stage made it possible to identify the methods of introducing innovations into unified heat supply organizations and the tools corresponding to the methods. In the course of studying the features of the implementation stage of innovation, the sequence of the implementation stage of innovation in relation to the unified heat supply organizations, taking into account their specifics, is determined. The description of the final stage made it possible to detail the processes of monitoring and control over the implementation of innovations in UHSO.Materials and methods. The normative basis of the study was the legislative acts of the Russian Federation regulating the heat supply activities and determining the directions of state policy in the sphere under consideration. The theoretical basis of the research is the works of Russian and foreign authors on the issues of development, modernization, technical re-equipment of the heat supply sector and its innovative development. The methods of empirical and theoretical levels are the methodological basis.Results. The result of the research is the developed methodological approach to the introduction of innovations into unified heat supply organizations authorized to implement the state policy in the sphere of heat supply, including the identification of the features of the preparatory, implementation and final stages of innovation in the organization.Conclusions. The strategic prospects of the heat supply sphere development fixed by the legislation provide for the implementation of programmes of innovative development of heat supply, which should be supported by the state, and the implementation should be carried out by unified heat supplying organizations responsible for the development of the heat supply system in the territory assigned to them, which makes it expedient to consider in detail the issues of innovative development of the heat supply subject implementing the state policy in the heat supply sphere.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(1):138-147
138-147