Vol 19, No 11 (2024)
Architecture and urban planning. Reconstruction and refurbishment
Rehabilitation of the habitat of modern cities in Syria
Abstract
Introduction. Cities of Syria have a dual structure of building organization: a traditional carpet-built dwelling with a conservative lifestyle of the inhabitants and the “European city” that developed during the periods of colonization — each of which focuses on a separate rehabilitation method. The subject of the study is the restoration of the destroyed cities of Syria. The aim is to present the hypothesis of updating the rehabilitation paradigm, integrating the methodology of urbanism and volumetric construction by introducing programmes for the fractal distribution of patterns of urban life support.Materials and methods. To form the prerequisites for the reconstruction of the “background” development and the “European city”, the established socio-ethnic parameters of the inhabitants of Syrian cities of different historical morphogenesis, the typology of housing were studied using available literary sources and natural objects. The background building is accepted as the basic object of restoration work based on the simplest universal system of fractal distribution of life support patterns. An explanation of the essence of this system, which temporarily replaces the standard methods and sequence of urban reconstruction, is given.Results. The models of “carpet” building reconstruction and the specifics of the conceptual approach to the use of architecture as a means of preventing migration, preserving the national identity of the image of the city are described.Conclusions. There are concerns about the fate of Syrian cities, the destruction of which threatens to disintegrate the culture of this ancient country, the salvation of which largely depends on a competent architectural strategy for restoring the habitat.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(11):1735-1745
1735-1745
Construction system design and layout planning. Construction mechanics. Bases and foundations, underground structures
Information modelling of dynamic impacts on a unique building of a multifunctional complex of parametric architecture
Abstract
Introduction. The study of corrugated surface shaping with subsequent shape selection for creating volumetric planning solutions for the building frame was performed. Surface shaping was performed in the SAPFIR software package. The corrugated surface and cyclic surface were combined to create the architectural appearance of a unique building of a multifunctional complex. The calculation of the analytical model of the frame of a unique multifunctional complex of parametric architecture was performed using the finite element method and the selection of optimal design solutions was performed. Additionally, the effect of adding outrigger floors to the finite element model at different levels of the building frame was studied.Materials and methods. The corrugated surface was formed in the SAPFIR software package. The finite element model was obtained by exporting the analytical model to the Lira-SAP. software package. To confirm the correctness of the adopted design solutions for the building frame, a study was conducted on the stress-strain state of the structures, the frequency and shape of natural vibrations. Four options for the location of outrigger systems were proposed, and the influence of outrigger floors on the dynamic response of the building frame was studied.Results. As a result of the calculations, the values of horizontal displacements of the building frame were obtained, which do not exceed the standard values. The change in design solutions allowed to make the first and second forms of oscillations translational, the third — torsional. The obtained nature of the dynamic response shows the efficiency of the adopted design solutions of the unique building frame. The numerical experiment allowed to achieve a reduction in horizontal displacements by 25 %, which increases the overall stability and spatial rigidity of the building frame.Conclusions. As a result of the study, a form of a unique building of parametric architecture was obtained. A study of the influence of outrigger systems on the dynamic characteristics of the building frame was carried out. Based on the research results, the frame of a unique building of a multifunctional complex meeting the requirements of reliability and cost-effectiveness is developed.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(11):1746-1757
1746-1757
Construction material engineering
Study of the mechanism of photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide in the presence of synthetic zeolite
Abstract
Introduction. The regularities of changes in the photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide ZnO in the presence of synthetic zeolite are investigated. The data on the photocatalytic properties of the surface of lime coating based on the composition with the addition of zinc oxide and synthetic zeolite are presented.Materials and methods. A complex of general scientific research methods was used. Lime with activity of 83 % was used in the development of the formulation of the finishing composition. An aluminosilicate additive was used as a synthetic zeolite, obtained by adding microdispersed aluminum powders to sodium liquid glass with silicate module of 2.9 at a temperature of 60 °C for 90 minutes. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO using synthetic zeolite was studied by photodegradation of methylene blue dye under the action of UV light. The methods presented in the scientific and technical literature were used. Spectroscopic studies of the specimens were carried out on an FSM 1201 IR Fourier spectrometer (LLC “Infraspek”, Russia) and an SF-56 spectrophotometer.Results. An increase in the photocatalytic properties of the surface of a lime coating based on a composition using ZnO oxide and synthetic zeolite was established. The optical band gap of ZnO was determined. It was revealed that the optical band gap of zinc oxide in combination with synthetic zeolite is 2.96 and 2.70 eV, which is significantly less than the value of 3.37 eV characteristic of zinc oxide.Conclusions. To impart self-cleaning properties to lime coatings, it is proposed to introduce zinc oxide into the formulation of the photocatalyst together with an additive based on synthetic zeolite.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(11):1758-1769
1758-1769
Information and mathematical modelling in construction in the development of building products for fire detection in a neighboring building
Abstract
Introduction. The analysis of scientific literature and patent documentation has shown the presence of a significant number of algorithms and solutions for modelling individual elements, structures, partitions, floors and walls to ensure fire safety of buildings and structures. The main approaches to solving these problems are related to the theory of heat transfer. At the same time, there is practically no development of algorithms for the use of building products to detect a fire in a neighboring building.Materials and methods. Information technologies are used to solve practical problems of algorithmization in construction.Results. The algorithm developed by the authors for the application of building products involves checking two specific conditions. This is done to avoid false triggering of the fire detector due to sunlight and to establish the fact that the product is serviceable after a fire. The practical significance of the conducted research also lies in the results of the numerical experiment. Taking into account the basics of theory and mathematical modelling of mechanical and thermal processes, the case of uniform initial temperature distribution in a steel disc of a building product for fire detection in an adjacent building was considered.Conclusions. The obtained equations make it possible to determine the temperature fields in the steel disk of a thermosensitive element of a building product for fire detection in a neighboring building in the process of heat transfer to the medium of various gases. The conducted research also made it possible to perform a comparative analysis of the dynamics of changes in temperature fields depending on the Fourier number of the thermosensitive element of the construction product under consideration for different media separately: argon, krypton, xenon, carbon dioxide, as well as in a vacuum of 10–5 mm Hg.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(11):1770-1778
1770-1778
Engineering systems in construction
CO2 emissions during the operation of autonomous water heating systems
Abstract
Introduction. CO2 emissions during the operation of heat generators of autonomous heat supply systems is one of the most important indicators of the man-made impact on the Earth’s atmosphere. Heat generation is carried out by heat pumps, gas and electric boilers, solid and liquid hydrocarbon fuel systems. The purpose of the work — Assessment of the CO2 emission indicator per kilowatt of heat energy of the specified generators of heat supply systems with real energy efficiency of heat generators of heat supply systems with radiator-type heating devices.Materials and methods. Official data of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, reports of the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Economic Development, current GOST and regulatory documents are used. Experimental data were used to calculate the energy efficiency coefficients of heat generators of autonomous heat supply systems. The calculations were carried out by methods of mathematical modelling.Results. The values of CO2 emissions per kilowatt of heat energy for autonomous water heating systems in the generation of heat energy by heat pumps (ASHP), gas condensing and convection boilers, solid and liquid fuel boilers were determined.Conclusions. The assessment of CO2 emissions of heat generators of autonomous water heat supply showed dependence on the structure of production and transportation of electric energy, climate and heating devices used. All of these parameters are different for different countries. When analyzing country-specific data, different thermal units have minimal carbon footprint.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(11):1779-1788
1779-1788
Technology and organization of construction. Economics and management in construction
Modelling of business processes of engineering companies at the stages of the life cycle of an investment and construction project
Abstract
Introduction. The engineering company ensures the interaction of all participants of the investment and construction project throughout its life cycle and implements a variety of business processes. Due to the fact that an engineering company coordinates the work of design and contracting organizations, suppliers of material and technical resources, the effectiveness of its organizational structure largely determines the efficiency of all participants in an investment and construction project.Materials and methods. The paper defines business processes and organizational structure and shows that for modelling business processes under various organizational structures, the most rational solution is modelling based on queuing networks. As a result, a simulation model of a queuing network was developed for an abstract business process and a simplified organizational structure. The GPSS simulation language was used for software implementation.Results. As a result of the modelling, it is shown that by varying the time indicators of the implementation of business processes and the times of performing various business functions, as well as the quantitative composition of performers in the divisions of an engineering company, it is possible to obtain stable estimates of the effectiveness of its production activities. The main estimates include the average implementation time of the main business processes and the average queue of queries for the implementation of the relevant business processes. Based on the obtained values of these indicators, the management will be able to make more reasonable decisions about the staffing of the engineering company and the transformation of its organizational structure.Conclusions. Modelling is the main mechanism for solving forecasting and optimization problems. Based on the simulation results, it is possible to make an informed decision about the number of employees needed to support a certain group of business processes.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(11):1789-1796
1789-1796
Risk assessment method for the organization of environmental safety in the sphere of residential and industrial construction
Abstract
Introduction. The risk assessment method for the justification of environmental safety in construction is considered. The development of this topic is dictated by the need for sustainable development of the construction sector, prevention of environmental pollution, and improvement of the quality of life of the population. Despite the fact that the legal system has accumulated a sufficient volume of documents regulating the goals and objectives of preventing the negative impact of economic activity on the environment, as well as increasing the environmental efficiency of companies, methods for assessing environmental risk in construction are poorly developed.Materials and methods. The authors studied approaches for environmental risk assessment under conditions of uncertainty. The authors faced the task to find the optimal distribution of funds aimed at reducing the probability of occurrence of environmental risk, and funds for preventing possible environmental damage, as well as to analyze and compare methods for determining the amount of risk during the design and construction of facilities. The main goal was to conduct research on the formation of a complete algorithm and methodology for using risk scenarios to ensure environmental safety in construction. The object of the study was risk-oriented approaches to ensuring the environmental safety of construction projects. The subject was the application of risk assessment methods in the field of environmental safety. The concept of the need to use methods for reducing the environmental risk of construction projects is proposed.Results. A new method is developed that combines quantitative assessment of environmental risk based on probability theory, semi-quantitative approach with risk matrices, and qualitative assessment based on the assessment of the probability of occurrence and the size of damage for each scenario. The developed method for assessing environmental risk can improve the efficiency of environmental safety management in the construction industry.Conclusions. The significance of the scenario approach as one of the most effective methods for assessing environmental risk is emphasized, which allows taking into account possible scenarios of events and assess their consequences. It is necessary to develop a more accurate definition of environmental risk in construction when formulating environmental measures and assessing their compliance (it is possible to improve an analogue of the Japanese CASBEE ecological assessment system in construction).
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(11):1797-1823
1797-1823
Theoretical foundations and practices of reengineering realization in construction
Abstract
Introduction. The issues related to the life cycle of technical solutions, the peculiarities of their manifestation and the specifics of management in construction are considered. The analysis allowed to formulate regularities in the chosen subject area, as well as recommendations for improving the efficiency of the corporate regulatory system of investment and construction activities through reengineering. To confirm their judgments, the authors cite practical experience in identifying and regulating technical solutions used in the design, construction and operation of nuclear power plants (NPP).Materials and methods. The theoretical foundations of the analysis of reengineering in construction were the provisions of the following concepts: life cycle management; logistics of regulatory influences; technical rationing; sustainable development, as well as methods of system analysis such as: logical-semantic and simulation modelling, retrospective and functional-structural methods, the reserve of domestic and foreign scientists in the context of the research.Results. The classification of technical solutions in construction is proposed, the regularities of development of the life cycle of technical solutions for capital construction facilities are determined, as confirmation of the above provisions, an analysis of the practice of identification and regulation of technical solutions used in the design, construction and operation of nuclear power plants (NPP) is given.Conclusions. The life cycle of technical solutions in construction is characterized by the manifestation of both general and specific patterns, their consideration when creating a management system of the same name should contribute to the effective transfer of innovations to the production sector, the formation of competitive advantages for construction organizations by improving the quality of construction products, and for operating organizations lengthening the life cycle of capital construction facilities and reducing the cost of operating costs.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(11):1824-1834
1824-1834
Model of forecasting of material resources and estimated cost at early stages of life cycle of construction objects
Abstract
Introduction. Digitalization of construction involves the possibility of forecasting material resources with a given degree of accuracy at the early stages of the life cycle of the construction object, which will make it possible to form cost indicators, as well as the volume of material resources and equipment — one of the key elements of management and planning of various stages of the life cycle of the object. The possibility of creating a forecasting tool based on artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies for these parameters seems to be a promising development direction, allowing to achieve a high level of accuracy in budget planning and project duration at the pre-project stage of an investment and construction project.Materials and methods. Design documentation for 37 multi-apartment residential buildings with allocated and normalized parameters: technical and economic indicators, material and technical resources, cost and others. To prepare and train AI models based on Python, the methods of the scikit-learn library were selected to compare the following mathematical models: decision trees, regressions and algorithms based on boosting.Results. The training and research were conducted using the automated machine learning (AutoML) method. Based on a comparison of the coefficient of determination R2 and the standard deviation (RMSE), ensembles of models were selected that form a forecast for the volume of material resources and equipment, as well as for the estimated cost with an error range of ±8 %. The input values of the models were 11 quantitative and qualitative parameters describing the characteristics of the planned object, the formation of which is possible at the early stages of the life cycle of the object without the development of design documentation.Conclusions. The results of the study demonstrate the possibility of obtaining actual design data already at the pre-design stage with accuracy corresponding to the stage of development of working documentation for the construction object. Thus, the accuracy of forecasts of the total estimated cost is significantly increased, and it also becomes possible to predict with a given accuracy the volumes of materials and equipment at the early stages of the life cycle of the construction object in order to optimize the entire construction process.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(11):1835-1849
1835-1849
Strategic planning of innovation activities of a construction enterprise in the projection of a system-network approach
Abstract
Introduction. The need for accelerated innovative development of construction enterprises in conditions of a high level of uncertainty in the external environment and constantly implemented organizational and economic changes determines the creation of new scientific and methodological foundations for strategic planning of innovative activities based on the methodology of the system-network approach.Materials and methods. Accelerated creation and implementation of innovations necessary to achieve the goals of technological sovereignty, based on the analysis of statistical data, research findings and assessment of advanced foreign experience, is carried out within the framework of a network innovation process with the interaction of many different enterprises and organizations regarding the creation of new construction value products for consumers (value innovation) based on long-term general economic and industry trends set by foresight forecast.Results. The paper substantiates the feasibility of using a system-network approach when building an innovative strategy for construction enterprises, based on the network nature of interactions between participants in innovative activities in construction. As a result of cognitive analysis and modelling of the main indicators of innovation activity, the drivers of innovative development of a construction enterprise were identified, including the development of strategic partnerships and cooperation links in the innovation and investment network.Conclusions. A methodology of optimization of network innovative interactions is proposed, the practical application of which increases the efficiency and speed of diffusion of innovations when creating “points of innovative growth”.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(11):1850-1860
1850-1860