编号 3 (2025)
HISTORY
The aggravation of the military and socio-political situation in the Yaik Cossack army during the migration of Kalmyks from Russia in January – March 1771
摘要
Background. In January 1771, thousands of Kalmyk hordes led by Ubashi, the governor of the Kalmyk Khanate, passed through the territory of the Yaik Cossack army, leaving Russia. The belated order to prosecute them provoked a conflict between the fore-men and the rank-and-file Cossacks. The purpose of the work is to examine the causes of the conflict, the actions of the warring parties and their consequences using the method of critical analysis of archival sources. Materials and methods. The historical-genetic, structural-functional methods of scientific research and the results were used. Results and conclusions. The rebelliousness of the Yaik Cossacks was a natural reaction to the depriva-tion of the Cossack community of autonomy and the extension of the status of a military class to the Cossacks. The reason for the disobedience was the reluctance of the Cossacks to pursue the Kalmyks of the snowy and icy steppe. Under the pretext of non-payment of salaries for the previous five years and the restoration of the right to choose a marching chieftain and foremen, they refused both to persecute the Kalmyks and to send a replace-ment team to Kizlyar. Regular and irregular troops stationed in the Orenburg province were involved in the campaign for the Kalmyks and could not be used against the rebellious Cossacks. The victory over the “senior” party gave confidence to ordinary Cossacks. Its consequence was the bloody uprising of 1772 and participation in the movement of E.I. Pu-gachev in 1773–1774.
5-17
Lipetsk mineral waters: social-medical and urban planning factor of history
摘要
Background. The issue of the arrangement of Lipetsk mineral waters seems relevant, since by the beginning of the 19th century the healing source was popular not only among the residents of Tambov province, but also other regions of the Russian state. The purpose of the work is to study the features of the structure of Lipetsk mineral waters, analyze state measures for their improvement, and determine the significance of this urban development object in the context of the evolution of socio-medical indicators of the region. Materials and methods. The main source of legal information on the organization of the extraction and use of mineral waters is the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire (CCLRL). The second block of sources is unpublished documents that are in the State Archives of the Tambov Region in the fund “Chancery of the Tambov Governor” (fund 4). Results. The article considers the features of the structure of the Lipetsk mineral waters re-sort in the Tambov province of the first half of the 19th century. The mutual influence of the urban development factor and the evolution of social medicine in the region is revealed. Conclusions. Any large medical institution of the resort type entailed the development of public urban infrastructure: the emergence of retail stores, hotels and inns, canteens, hospitals, recreation areas for city residents and visitors, street improvements, jobs for medical and technical personnel, a variety of leisure practices for the city and new sources of in-come for its residents.
18-25
The structure and specific features of various parts of the general flow of Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land in the second half of the 19th century
摘要
Background. For a very long time in the Russian science, little attention was paid to the comparison of the features of the genesis, organization, functioning and goal-setting of parallel flows of Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land in the second half of the 19th century. By now, source material has been collected, processed and partially published, allowing us to consider in detail the specific features and characteristics of the formation, functioning and organization of each of them. The purpose of this work is to identify the characteristics of a number of large flows of Christian pilgrims during the period under consideration, their classification according to the primary and secondary goal-setting, organizational features, connections with the previous pilgrimage tradition, and the social affiliation of the pilgrims. Materials and methods. In addition to general scientific methods, the work used and applied historical-genetic, diachronic-historical, historical-comparativistic and system-historical methods. Results. The conducted analysis allowed us to identify at least three main flows of Christian pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the second half of the 19th century, which obviously differed from each other: intra-Ottoman (which in turn consisted of Greek Orthodox and administratively Armenian), Russian and European. The specifics of goal-setting for each of the flows are described, the positioning of each of the Christian pilgrimage flows in relation to the continuity of the medieval Christian pilgrim-age tradition is revealed. The consequences of the influence of the activity of the Russian Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society on the implementation of pilgrimage by subjects of the Russian Empire are noted. Conclusions. Each of the three main flows of Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land had, in addition to the actual pilgrimage, special specific goals and features. Intra-Ottoman Christian pilgrimage manifested loyal feelings and confirmed the need to maintain the high intraimperial status of its leadership. Russian pilgrimage was initially aimed at continuing its own pilgrimage traditions, which dated back to medieval norms, rules and orders, and only with the emergence of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society did it begin to gradually change in the direction of reducing the previously obligatory “needs and burdens”. European pilgrimage, with its obligatory religious entourage, acted rather as an early form of religious tourism.
26-38
Historiography of mobilization in the Russian Empire: main approaches and trends
摘要
Background. Issues of mobilization preparation and mobilization are always rel-evant, since the Russian population was systematically exposed to external threats, and to repel these threats, it was necessary to have an organized army. The purpose of the study is to analyze the historiography of mobilization in the Russian Empire and identify its main approaches and trends. Materials and methods. The works of such authors as D.F. Maslovsky, A.K. Bayov, A.L. Sidorov, E.Z. Barsukov, A.M. Anfimov, O.R. Airapetov, L.I. Borodkin and E.Yu. Sergeev are analyzed. The methodological framework encom-passes fundamental principles of scientific research, such as historicism and objectivity. Hermeneutics is used as a method for interpreting text, and historical-situational analysis allows for the evaluation of events and phenomena based on a specific historical context. This, to a certain extent, frees the researcher from the influence of established scientific ideas and methodological clichés. Results. This article analyzes the reflection of the issue of mobilization in the Russian Empire in Russian historiography. The main stages of histo-riography’s development, from the pre-revolutionary period to the modern era, are exam-ined. Conclusions. The literature review is presented in a historical perspective. Specific features of scientific interpretations at various time periods are identified.
39-48
The Muslim Ummah in the religious policy of the Soviet State in the 1920s – early 1930s: choice of strategy
摘要
Background. The relevance of the topic proposed for discussion is due to the need for scientific understanding of the cyclicality of post-secular society and the revival of religious consciousness in the modern world. The purpose of the work is to study the historical experience of developing a strategy for state-confessional interaction to ensure sustainable development and mobilization of resources in the spiritual sphere (by the materials from Soviet Russia / the USSR in the 1920s – early 1930s). Materials and methods. The basis of the research evidence base was formed by documents revealing the specifics of state policy towards Islam and the Muslim Ummah in the 1920s and presented in the funds of the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History and the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The choice of methodological tools is associated with the theory of social constructionism by P. Bergman and T. Luckmann, which considers the process of formation and institutionalization of social phenomena through social interactions, as well as new cultural history, emphasizing the problems of formation of identity and social representations. Results. The results of the development of the history of the Muslim Ummah in the Soviet period in domestic historiography are analyzed, the main cycles of the evolution of state-confessional policy in Soviet Russia / USSR are identified. The most important aspect of the problem was the reconstruction of the movement of religious self-organization of Muslim communities in the context of the collapse of the empire and the formation of the separation paradigm of religious policy. Conclusions. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Muslim Ummah of Russia, being involved in the processes of liberalization and the formation of civil society, entered a period of active search for new forms of self-organization and self-determination. The factors of modernization were: the formation of parliamentarism and the collapse of the empire, and the resources were: the development of education, the press and the formation of political associations. The seizure of power by the Bolsheviks radically changed the nature of the separation model. Communist atheism (“militant atheism”) was considered an instrument of the mobilization paradigm, which ensured the establishment of the authoritarian-repressive nature of the relationship between the authorities and the Church in the USSR. At the same time, the active and passive mass resistance of Muslims (the preservation and activity of unregistered communities, religious schools, the petition movement in defense of doctrine, the holding of congresses of the Muslim clergy, the observance of rituals, the preservation of the traditions of the organization of religious life) forced the authorities to make temporary concessions and gradually limited administrative pressure. The choice of strategy for state-confessional policy, the crisis-cyclical framework of which was formed in the 1920s – 1930s, proved its historical inconsistency by the end of the 20th century.
49-61
Memorial policy of the party leadership of the USSR in the 1950–1970s in organizing the celebration of anniversaries and memorable dates of the Great Patriotic War (by the example of Penza region)
摘要
Background. The organization of mass anniversary celebrations is one of the main ways of mobilizing the population and has great potential in the field of patriotic education. Participation in the general celebration of anniversaries and memorable dates associated with key events in the history of the state is a mandatory element of the pro-gram of patriotic education of the population. One of the most significant ideological symbols of Russian history is the memory of the events and heroes of the Great Patriotic War. This ideological symbol helps to preserve the cultural identity of the people and has a huge influence on public consciousness. Significant experience in organizing and hold-ing anniversary celebrations in honor of memorable dates in the military history of the state was accumulated during the years of the existence of the USSR. The purpose of the study is to analyze regional characteristics and key directions of the memorial policy of the USSR party leadership in the 1950–1970ss in the field of organizing the celebration of anniversaries and memorable dates of the Great Patriotic War (by the example of Pen-za region). Materials and methods. The sources of the research are documentary materi-als of the State Archives of the Penza Region, as well as materials of the regional period-ical press (the newspapers “Penzenskaya Pravda” and “Molodoy Leninets”). The meth-odological base is represented by a complex of general scientific and specific historical methods of scientific analysis. Results. The article presents an analysis of the reasons and dynamics of changes in the organization of mass anniversary celebrations in the Penza region during the specified time period. Various areas of work of the Soviet leadership, represented by the Penza Regional Executive Committee and the Regional Committee of the CPSU, in preserving the historical memory of the events and heroes of the Great Pat-riotic War also received detailed coverage in the article. The author studied various forms of mass political work at enterprises to organize festive events, as well as ways to attract the younger generation to participate in holding anniversary celebrations, as a mandatory element of the state program of patriotic education of the population. Conclusion. The organization of anniversary celebrations dedicated to the celebration of Victory in the Great Patriotic War was a key element of the memorial policy of the state leadership of the USSR. Particularly significant attention was paid to this issue in the period of the 1960–1970ss, in connection with the celebration of the 20th and 30th anniversaries of Vic-tory. On the one hand, the purpose of holding mass anniversary celebrations was the pat-riotic education of the population using examples of courage and heroism demonstrated by soldiers and officers of the Red Army and home front workers. On the other hand, the party leadership of the USSR pursued the goal of demonstrating to the world community the defensive power of the Soviet state, its outstanding economic growth and the unity of the Soviet people in preserving the memory of the Great Victory and its significance for the entire progressive world. Therefore, the holding of anniversary celebrations often took on a large scale and was accompanied by massive support from the media. Studying the experience of the Soviet leadership allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of various methods and ways of preserving the historical memory of key events in the military history of the modern Russian state.
62-75
Reasons and prerequisites for the Russian initiative in organizing the Hague Peace Conferences
摘要
Background. Russia played a decisive role in initiating the Hague Movement, which became an important step towards the establishment of a new system of international relations and modern international law. However, it can be noted that there has been a lack of significant attention not only from foreign but also domestic science to the study of the phenomenon of the Hague Conferences and the establishment of the modern system of world order. In this regard, the study of the reasons for the Russian initiative to convene peace conferences seems relevant and scientifically significant. The purpose of the study is to identify the reasons and prerequisites for the Russian initiative to convene two Hague Peace Conferences in 1899 and 1907. Materials and methods. The set objectives are achieved through the analysis of official materials of the Hague Peace Conferences, official acts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, international treaties, and scientific literature. Results. The study analyzes the prerequisites and reasons for the Russian initiative to convene two Hague peace conferences. Conclusions. The study allows us to draw a conclusion about the special role of Russian diplomacy and the Russian state in the development of modern international law and ensuring a fair and sustainable system of international relations.
76-88
From the history of the English yeoman family in the middle of the 17th century (by the materials from the diary and wills)
摘要
Background. To study English society in a turning point, it is important to have an idea of the daily life of various social strata. This will allow us to better understand the dynamics of the development of the entire society. The purpose of this work is to study one of the families of the yeoman class in the context of microhistory. This will make it possible to determine their material well-being, as well as their social role in society. It is necessary to trace how the yeomen lived, what problems interested them, how immersed they were in economic affairs, how they rested and had fun, what were their economic, political, social and religious interests during this period. Materials and methods. Following the principle of historicism, applying the comparative historical method of research, the method of analysis and synthesis, using the case study method, the diary and wills of yeoman Adam Eyre and his family of the middle and second half of the 17th century are analyzed. Results. Analysis of the diary shows that its author led a socially active lifestyle: he organized a struggle to expel a priest who was objectionable to the majority of parishioners (he drew up a petition about the priest’s violations, collected signatures from parishioners, and traveled with it to the capital and to Parliament), participated in all funeral rites, holidays, and entertainment, and audited church and parish reports of the elders. Eyre’s personal everyday life was also active: trips to visit acquaintances, to neighboring villages and other cities on various business, receiving guests, playing football, hunting, fishing, regularly attending church and listening to sermons, reading the Bible and secular books. His economic activity was largely focused on financial transactions, although he had land holdings and some cattle. Like other yeomen, he used hired labor in his farm. After his death, he left his wife and immediate family, in general, a good inheritance, but which was largely distributed among his relatives. His wife was not involved in housekeeping and her financial situation, judging by her will, had noticeably decreased. Conclusions. English Yeoman Adam Eyre and his relatives were contemporaries of the civil wars of the 1640s, the Revolution, the Cromwellian Protectorate and the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. All these events affected the fates of the Eyres, who were supporters of Parliament in their political views, like most yeomen. Adam Eyre himself fought in the first civil war, but later preferred a quiet rural life. He was never paid his due salary for his military service, like many other yeomen who fought in T. Fairfax’s army. In terms of his land holdings and movable property, as well as his finances, he was prosperous. He paid great attention to financial transactions: he borrowed money, repaid debts, and lent money himself. However, in two years he was unable to pay off all his debts. His activities in agriculture, the use of hired labor, and trade are reflected in the diary to a much lesser extent, but it is noticeable that his income from the farm was small compared to his expenses. This means that he had considerable income from some financial transactions. He led a socially active lifestyle in his church parish and beyond. He was the initiator of various public affairs. He knew about the current political processes in the country, although he was not particularly interested in politics. His social activity demonstrates leadership in his church parish. This was also reflected in the informal increase in his status in society. Involvement of similar sources in other regions of England will allow for a comparative analysis of the daily life of yeomen, identifying common and special aspects in their property status and social life.
89-102
Taking into account the experience of the collapse of the USSR in China’s national policy in the first quarter of the 21st century (by the example of the XUAR)
摘要
Background. The collapse of the Soviet Union has served not only as a subject of historical reflection for China but also as a conceptual warning. In the context of ethnocultural diversity and global challenges, the Chinese leadership draws on the Soviet experience as a reference point in shaping a resilient model of national policy. The aim of this article is to analyze how the interpretation of the causes behind the USSR’s disintegration has influenced China’s strategy for governing ethnic minorities in the 21st century. Materials and methods. The study is based on an interdisciplinary approach that combines comparative-historical, discursive, and institutional methods. It draws on official documents of the Chinese Communist Party, speeches by Xi Jinping, regulatory acts of the PRC, as well as academic publications by Russian, Chinese, and English-speaking scholars. Results. It is established that in Chinese political doctrine, the collapse of the USSR is interpreted as the result of ideological erosion, political decentralization, and ethnocultural pluralism. In re-sponse, China implements a model of “Sinicized” integration that blends party control, ideological mobilization, and legal normalization. Particular attention is given to regions with ethnoreligious specificity, where measures of proactive identity management are applied. Conclusion. China builds its national policy as an institutional counterpoint to the late Soviet experience. Despite the current stability of this model, it contains internal tensions related to the restriction of cultural autonomy, which necessitates attention to long-term risks in the context of a transforming global order.
103-113
PAGES OF THE HISTORY OF PENZA REGION
Female emancipation in the Russian province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries: resource and factor (by the materials of Penza province)
摘要
Background. The growing geopolitical instability and increased national security challenges in the modern era highlight the need to examine historical experiences of adaptive mechanisms, particularly in relation to gender dynamics in public space. This study aims to identify the key features in the development of women’s legal status and the practices of social and moral service within the liberal framework of the late 19th – early 20th century in the Russian Empire. Materials and methods. The research is based on historical sources identified in the collections of the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the State Archive of the Penza Region. It also utilizes materials from encyclopedic publications, regulatory legal acts, statistical data, and reports from the local press. In ad-dressing the research objectives, the study applies comparative-historical and gender approaches, along with elements of legal-historical and socio-cultural analysis. Results. The main directions of legal regulation of women’s status within the liberal discourse have been identified. The mechanisms of institutionalizing female identity are traced through the expansion of opportunities for public participation. The influence of demographic, legal, and military factors on the evolution of women’s activity has been established. Women’s involvement in zemstvo self-government is highlighted, and their social roles in the context of a mobilized economy are characterized. Conclusions. The legal-historical analysis reveals that the limited legal status of women, combined with the transformation of socio-economic conditions and cultural norms, contributed to the emergence of the “woman question” and the institutionalization of the women’s movement in Russia. This research broadens the understanding of modernization processes and the growing role of the femi-nine resource amid societal transformations.
114-127
Penza provincial conference on the study of productive forces in 1926: historical analysis
摘要
Background. The article is devoted to the historical analysis of the Penza Provincial Conference on the Study of Productive Forces, held in 1926. The paper examines the prerequisites for convening the conference, its goals and objectives, as well as the com-position of the participants. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the main re-ports and discussions that unfolded during the conference. Materials and methods. The article is based on a wide range of archival sources from the State Archive of Penza region (GAPO), periodical press materials (“Trudovaya Pravda” newspaper) and scientific publications. The methodological basis of this study is based on the principles of the main historical research methods, using the local research method, the author analyzes written sources. Results. In the course of the research, a holistic picture of the activities of the Penza Provincial Conference on the Study of Productive Forces in 1926 was recreated and its contribution to the development of regional science and economics was assessed. Conclusions. The conference has become a landmark event both in the scientific and economic life of the region. The presented reports reflected the state of the region, showing its problems and ways to solve them. The conference concluded with the adoption of a resolution that determined the vector of further development of local history activities, emphasizing the need for indepth study of Penza province. An important moment was the establishment of the Provincial Bureau of Local Lore, which brought together economic and scientific institutions, as well as individual scientists and experts who were passionate about the idea of a comprehensive study of the local region. Thus, the conference not only summed up the results of the previous work, but also laid the foundation for further research of the Penza Region.
128-137
CRITICAL REWIEWS
History of Samara Volga region: new stage in research of the Russian region
摘要
Kabytov P.S., Dubman E.L., Leontyeva O.B. et al. Essays on the history of Samara Volga region : collective monograph / editor-in-chief P.S. Kabytov. Samara : SAMARAMA, 2025. 268 p.
138-147
The issue of interpreting medieval sources
摘要
Belorybkin G.N., Melnichenko O.V., Osipova T.V. et al. Medieval treasures of Penza region : monograph. Penza: Penza Regional Institute of Regional Development, 2023. 288 p.
148-153