编号 1 (2025)
HISTORY
The imperial experience of the Russian empire: the Grand Duchy of Finland in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries
摘要
Background. The relevance of the work is determined by the need to rethink the imperial experience of the national policy of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries from a new perspective in the Grand Duchy of Finland. The pur-pose of the work is to study the features and results of the national policy of the Russian Empire using the example of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries through the prism of the views and assessments of contemporaries. Materials and methods. The research is based on the principles of historical science: objec-tivity, historicism and consistency. The system-structural method is used by the author to study the principles and methods of conducting national policy on the example of the Grand Duchy of Finland. The historical and anthropological approach is applied to the study of notes and publications of contemporaries – Russian and Finnish politicians, histo-rians, jurists, representatives of the highest bureaucracy regarding the status of Finland within the empire. The application of the comparative historical research method made it possible to analyze the peculiarities of Finland’s position within the Russian Empire. When analyzing the materials of the periodical press, the method of content analysis of the press was used. Results. During the writing of the article, the main task was solved – based on a wide range of sources to study the experience of the national policy of the rulers of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Finland and its assessment by contemporaries. Conclusions. The second half of the 19th century was characterized by changes in domestic policy, expressed not on-ly in the implementation of large-scale reforms, but also in changing approaches to the na-tional policy of the tsarist government. The events of the 1860s and the subsequent changes affected the position of the Grand Duchy of Finland. The period from the beginning of Alexander II reforms to P.A. Stolypin’s transformation projects was a landmark for the Western Region in terms of the tsarist government's search for an optimal management model for these territories. The controversy on this issue has spread from the ministerial offices to the pages of the periodical press. The analysis of the opinions of representatives of educated society about the status of Finland within the empire allowed us to get an idea of the approaches to the implementation of national policy on the outskirts of the state and the totality of factors that influenced the forms and methods of its implementation.
5-13
Administrative and economic activities of the Prison department for the detention of prisoners in penitentiary institutions of Saratov province at the end of the 19th century
摘要
Background. The article is devoted to the actual problems of organizing the work and activities of the governing bodies of the penal enforcement system of Russia in the 19th century in the field of logistics of penitentiary institutions on the example of Sa-ratov province. The relevance of studying the historical experience of the administrative and economic activities of the Prison Department of Saratov Provincial Government, as one of the major regional divisions of the penitentiary system of the Russian Empire, is due to: firstly, the need to rethink and use practical developments in the field of logistics of places of detention, and secondly, the study of the conditions of detention of prisoners, which, in turn, influenced their behavior, in particular, the expression of violent and non-violent forms of protest. The purpose of the research is to study the activities of the Saratov provincial prison inspector and prison chiefs aimed at carrying out a set of measures for the logistical support of penitentiary institutions in the region, as well as evaluating their ef-fectiveness. Materials and methods. The author, based on archival materials, explores var-ious aspects of financial and economic activities, material supply and conditions of deten-tion of prisoners in prisons of the Saratov province. Results. The article examines certain issues of the work of the Prison Department on the organization and conduct of adminis-trative and economic measures in the field of logistics of penitentiary institutions of the Saratov province. Conclusions. Expenses of the Government of the Russian Empire in the con. In the 19th century, the prison system was insufficient, which affected, first of all, the construction of new and repair of existing prisons, and this, in turn, led to overcrowding of places of detention and conditions of detention of prisoners. Using the example of the ac-tivities of the Prison Department of Saratov province, it can be seen that it took measures for the rational use of material resources and did not allow the misuse of material and mon-etary funds.
14-25
Judicial and police activities of the zemstvo chiefs of the Penza province in the late 19th – early 20th centuries
摘要
Background. The article analyzes the activities of zemstvo chiefs in the context of the exercise of judicial, police and administrative powers by these officials in Penza province. The purpose of the research is to study the composition and timing of considera-tion of cases by zemstvo chiefs on the basis of a wide range of previously unpublished sources in dynamics; to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the activities of zemstvo chiefs of Penza province within the framework of their judicial and police duties. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of materials from the State Archive of the Penza Region (GAPO): fund No. 5 of the Governor’s Office, fund No. 413 of the Cleri-cal Work of the zemsky chief of the 5th district of the Kuznetsky District of the Penza province; the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA): data from audits of clerical work of zemsky chiefs and volost institutions of the Penza province for 1900–1903; periodical ma-terials, as well as memoirs of contemporaries, in particular, A.I. Novikov, A.A. Titov. The research methodology is based on the historical and comparative method, which allowed us to get a more complete picture of the stated problems of the period of the late 19th – early 20th century; statistical method and method of generalization, through which it was possible to trace quantitative parameters and identify general trends in the activities of the zemstvo chiefs of Penza province in the field of the implementation of judicial and police duties; the method of content analysis in areas of analysis of periodicals and opinions of contemporar-ies to understand the attitude of the common man in the street to this state institution. Re-sults. The main tasks have been solved – an analysis of the performance of judicial and administrative duties by zemstvo chiefs, taking into account the practice of record keep-ing, has been carried out; the procedural procedure for considering cases by zemstvo chiefs has been studied; the directions of police activity by zemstvo chiefs have been identified and considered. Conclusions. From the analysis of the above materials, it follows that when exercising judicial and police powers, the zemstvo chiefs faced a huge volume of cases. Their competence included almost all peasant cases, which led to long periods of considera-tion – often more than six months. In addition, the zemstvo chiefs spent a significant part of their time on police activities, which they carried out both independently and through volost and rural authorities.
26-34
Wife for work (polygamy in the economy of the Muslim Turks of the Trans-Urals at the beginning of the 20th century)
摘要
Background. The relevance of the problem is associated with the construction of the image of the past, with the formation of historical memory among local ethnic (eth-no-confessional) groups, which is one of the most controversial areas of modern humani-tarian knowledge. The purpose of the study is to analyze and summarize modern achieve-ments of historiography and compare them with new historical sources. Materials and methods. For the first time in Russian historiography, a database (big data) was created and presented to the scientific community in the amount of one and a half thousand units of measurement (household cards of the 1917 census), created on the basis of the collection of the Ufa archive (National Archives of the Republic of Bashkortostan), which was only introduced into the state archival fund of the Russian Federation in 2024 and has not been used until now, is unknown to the scientific community. In the course of processing this collection, all references to polygamy among the Turkish-speaking Muslim population of a number of volosts of Shadrinsk district of Perm province (the territory of modern Chelya-binsk region) were identified. And the information from the household cards for each peas-ant household allowed us to obtain for the first time a representative database on the econ-omy of polygamous families and conduct an analysis. Results. In the course of creating the database, a high reliability of the information potential of the household card was estab-lished. The census was conducted in the summer of 1917 on the initiative of the Provision-al Government. The left-wing parties in power openly promised the entire Russian peasant-ry a “black” redistribution of land, which encouraged respondents to answer frankly and not to hide information. Facts of concealment of information or refusal to take the census in this area are not recorded. The preservation of the household cards is good, the quality of the recording is high. The source is quite suitable for processing for a machine-readable da-tabase. The geographical scope of the sample is also representative, the database includes purely agrarian settlements and large villages located near the mining and industrial Ural industrial zone. Conclusions. To replace the narrative used in historiography in the form of fragmentary evidence and mainly from Russian (Russian-language) sources, a verified da-tabase of the Turkish-Muslim population of the Trans-Urals is introduced into scientific circulation. Statistical calculations show that polygamy was characteristic primarily of the wealthy stratum of villagers (farmers-entrepreneurs), every third of whom had two wives. Analysis of economic indicators and comparison with the demographic situation allows us to assert that the main factor in concluding a second marriage was the need for female labor.
35-50
On scientific and non-scientific criticism: reflections on the margins of reviews
摘要
Background. The article is devoted to the analysis of the works of the famous historian, chief researcher of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.P. Buldakov, which can be classified as unscientific. The relevance of the work is determined by the need to respond objectively to historiographical challenges. Materials and methods. The works of V.P. Buldakov of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods are stud-ied. An overview of the methods used to conduct polemics with opponents is given. Some specific historical subjects that have become the subject of discussion are considered. First of all, the question of assessing the chronological framework and nature of the Civil Warand foreign military intervention. Results. The array of works by V.P. Buldakov is analyzed, their characteristics are given, some historiographical errors are debunked. Conclusions. The unscientific nature of the polemic conducted by V.P. Buldakov with his opponents is shown.
51-63
Reasons for the adoption of the Marshall Plan in modern Russian historiography
摘要
Background. The need to study issues related to the coverage of the reasons for the introduction of the Marshall Plan in domestic historiography is due to the weak degree of systematization and generalization of research results, which complicates the conceptu-alization of the problem. The purpose of the work is to analyze the problems of revealing the causes of the American policy of the Marshall Plan in the modern works of Russian historians. Materials and methods. Topical issues devoted to the scientific analysis of the views of modern Russian historians on the causes of the American Marshall Plan policy and the perception of it by domestic scientists (from the early 2000s to 2024) are consid-ered. In scientific work, the main subject is the consideration and analysis of content in the form of the following factors: economic, foreign policy and ideological. The methodologi-cal base is based on such methods as: comparative-historical, historical-typological, prob-lem-chronological. Results. The results of the study were obtained by analyzing the works of modern Russian historians on the main factors of the Marshall Plan. The results provide an opportunity to objectively study the Marshall Plan in the view of the modern historical community. Conclusions. The value of the conducted research lies in the fact that the find-ings can be applied to consider the issues and understand the essence of the conflict at the beginning of the Cold War, to study European integration processes and the role of the United States in this historical process. This article may be of interest to a wide audience, including historians, political scientists, economists and ordinary readers who are interested in the history of the Cold War and modern politics.
64-75
Government investigations into enclosures in England on the eve of the revolution in the mid – 17th century
摘要
Background. In light of the discourse in modern historiography on absolutism in general and English absolutism in particular, this problem deserves special study for a bet-ter understanding of the functioning of the institutions of royal power in the implementa-tion of both domestic policy in general and agrarian policy in particular on the eve of the revolution of the mid-17th century. The involvement of government sources will help to identify landlords’ violations of the laws on enclosure restrictions and to determine the ef-fectiveness of the Royal Commissions’ work on the restoration of ruined farms. Materials and methods. Using the comparative-historical method of research, as well as the method of analysis and synthesis, observing the principle of historicism, various legal and narrative sources are analyzed, allowing us to trace the activities of a number of government com-missions to investigate enclosures and restore destroyed peasant farms, punish the gentry for the illegal conversion of peasants’ arable land into pastures and their eviction. Results. It has been established that the early Stuart governments set up several commissions to in-vestigate the enclosure of peasant arable land by landlords in a number of counties. Thanks to this, the central government was informed about the reduction of arable land and the number of peasants. However, the data of the commissions were incomplete both because of the local nature of their activities and because local authorities hid violators. Despite the measures taken, according to the data collected by the commissions, the use of repressive measures against the gentry enclosures, none of them was able to achieve the complete re-conversion of pastures into arable land and the restoration of destroyed peasant farms. Conclusions. The main investigations into illegal enclosures were carried out by forming and sending royal commissions to the places. Their actions could not but cause discontent among the new nobility (gentry). In the context of the emerging confrontation between the Crown and Parliament, the actions of the commissions looked like an attempt by the au-thorities on their property (lands), despite the fact that “knightly tenure” as a legal form of land tenure continued to exist. The work of the commission in 1636, headed by Archbishop Laud, and the subsequent punishments of the gentry for illegal enclosures must have caused their extreme dissatisfaction with both Laud himself, the royal government (the Privy Council), and the monarch himself. Moreover, this contributed to the growth of a negative attitude of the new nobility and bourgeoisie towards the existing archaic “knightly tenure” as an obstacle to the establishment of full private ownership of land.
76-88
PAGES OF THE HISTORY OF PENZA REGION
Charitable initiative and formation of educational environment in Russia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries (by the materials of Penza province)
摘要
Background. Russia of the late empire era was confidently moving along the path of accelerated modernization, which influenced on the formation of new patterns of social behavior, and, first of all, in charitable activities. One of the areas of civic engage ment was education, as low literacy remained one of the main factors holding back socio economic development. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to study the experience of implementing charitable initiatives in the public education system. The pur pose of the study is to analyze charitable activities as a factor in the development of the educational environment of the Penza province in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. Materials and methods. The source base of the study consists of complexes of documentary evidence presented in the State Archive of the Penza Region, as well as materials from the local provincial periodical press and reporting documents of public as sociations. The methodological basis was a set of methods for studying the history of eve ryday life and local history, which contributed to the study of various forms of public par ticipation in charitable affairs. Results. Research on this issue contributes to the reactualiza tion of the experience of effective interactions between state and public mechanisms in order to optimally implement social policy. In the course of the analysis, various forms of public participation in the formation of the educational space of the province were identi fied. The role of local governments, as well as individual initiatives, is noted. Conclusions. The participation of individual citizens and public associations in supporting and assisting public education from the very beginning of the reforms was welcomed by the regional au thorities as a way to relieve social tension. Charity became one of the areas of freedom where the most daring undertakings could be realized, and, at the same time, a school of “civic growing up” of the province. Zemstvo institutions supported students of higher edu cational institutions, as well as students of gymnasiums. Assistance to students came fromvarious public associations. Due to private charitable initiatives, new educational institu tions were created. In this area, new patterns of social behavior were gradually formed, which ensured the assimilation of the values of the new era.
89-99
Revolutionary events of the early 20th century through the eyes of the orthodox clergy (by the materials of Penza diocesan journal 1905–1910)
摘要
Background. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the need to study the experience of overcoming crisis trends in the context of modernization of Russian society and the search for ways to ensure unity and harmony at the present time. The pur pose of the study is to analyze the perception and historical assessments by the Orthodox clergy of the revolutionary processes of the early 20th century, as well as the role of the Russian Church in the public life of the country on the eve of the collapse of the empire. Materials and methods. The article analyzes the views of representatives of the Orthodox clergy on the causes and background of revolutionary events, the relationship of the Rus sian Church with different segments of society and political parties. The materials of the Penza Diocesan Journal (1905–1910) were used as a source for studying this problem. The research methodology is based on the principles of a systematic approach to the considera tion of issues of the history of everyday life in Russian society. The diachronic method was used to analyze the problem in historical retrospective, and the synchronic method allowed us to show the position of the Russian Church against the background of historical events. Results. The article examines the attitude of the Orthodox clergy to the problems of the revolutionary movement, characterizes the views of specific priests on the causes of politi cal instability in Russian society and ways to overcome the social crisis. Conclusion. An analysis of the publications of the Penza Diocesan Journal allows us to conclude that from 1905 to 1908 the authors of the journal were looking for answers to three “eternal” ques tions of Russian history: “What is happening?”; “Who is to blame?”; “What should I do?”. Against the background of revolutionary events and the crisis of the synodal system, the authors noted the growing contradictions in the church environment, the bureaucratization of the Russian Church, the decline in the public authority of the clergy; pointed to the need for church reform and renewal of parish life. A peculiar “revolutionary situation” within the Church itself manifested itself in the formation of dissatisfaction among a significant part of the clergy with the policies of the Holy. Synod and the Chief Prosecutor. The first Russian Revolution was estimated as “anarchy”, “political turmoil”, “public misfortune”. In the context of the growing confrontation of classes and fierce controversy of various po litical parties, the clergy tried to determine their social status and role in the coming chang es. Church authors emphasized the closeness of the clergy to the intelligentsia, which was often criticized, and the peasantry. The Russian Church tried to correlate Christian ideals with politics, as it was forced to look for its platform among the programs of other parties. The political doctrines of the left-wing parties were criticized by church authors, some of whom emphasized the incompatibility of socialism and Christianity. However, there were opinions that the clergy could not withdraw from participation in public and political life.
100-109
Graduates and students of Penza teachers’ seminary in the First World War
摘要
Background. The problem of teacher training has been and remains one of the most important problems of public education. The formation and development of institu tions that have been engaged in the professional training of teachers over the years is the focus of attention of researchers in many scientific fields. One of the interesting problems is the comprehensive characterization of the teaching staff and students of teachers’ semi naries. The study of this topic makes it possible not only to characterize the degree of pre paredness of future teachers for professional activity, but also to consider the impact of ed ucation on the formation of regional identity and territorial integration. Of particular inter est is the appeal to the biographies of the teaching staff and pupils of teachers’ seminaries in crucial periods for the country, which provides an interesting field for analysis and seems very relevant. The article examines the participation of graduates and students of Penza Teachers’ Seminary in the First World War. Materials and methods. The article is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, which made it possible to comprehensively solve the tasks set in the work. The main sources used were the materi als of Fund 136 (Penza Teachers’ Seminary) of Penza Region State Archive and funds 408 (Lists of seniority of generals, staff and chief officers) and 409 (Service records of officers) of the Russian State Military Historical Archive. Results. A set of sources and an analysis of scientific literature made it possible to identify the names of pupils and graduates of the Penza Teachers’ Seminary who took part in the First World War. Conclusions. Penza Teachers’ Seminary, as a secondary specialized educational institution, was opened on September 12, 1874. The contingent of students at Penza Teachers’ Seminary was relative ly small. In 1874–1917, just over 800 people were graduated. In 1914, there were a total of 61 students (there were 25 students in the 1st grade, 14 in the 2nd, and 22 in the 3rd). With regard to the performance of military service by teachers and pupils of teachers’ seminar ies, the legislation of the Russian Empire provided for a number of benefits and ad vantages. In general, they boiled down to the fact that all teachers were released from ac tive military service in peacetime and enlisted in the reserve with the obligation to serve as a teacher for at least 5 years. Persons studying at teachers’ seminaries were eligible for a deferral from military service for the duration of their studies. In wartime, in accordance with the law, persons holding the positions of national teachers lost the right to a post ponement and were subject to conscription into the army or the state militia. Persons study ing at teachers’ seminaries, by agreement between the Ministry of Public Education and the Ministry of the Interior, were entitled to a deferral from conscription until completion of their studies. As a result of archival searches, it was possible to identify the names of pupils of Penza Teachers’ Seminary who expressed a desire to voluntarily go to the front, and graduates of this educational institution who took part in the First World War.
110-123
Problems of development of healthcare in Penza region in 1939–1940
摘要
Background. The relevance of the issue under consideration is determined by the fact that currently the process of healthcare organization in the first years after the creation of Penza region has not been sufficiently considered. The purpose of the work is to considerto consider the state and problems of health care organization in the newly formed region. Materials and methods. The research is based on archival documents and materials reveal ing the state of healthcare in Penza region in 1939–1940. During the writing of the work, basic research methods were used – dialectical, the method of historicism, objectivity, and consistency, which made it possible to organize and structure the material taking into ac count military issues. To determine the degree of reliability and representativeness of the documentary material, the method of critical analysis of historical sources was used. Results. For the first time, indicators of hospital and clinic equipment, morbidity in Penza region in 1939–1940, as well as the content and practice of solving problems facing the leadership of the regional health department were introduced into scientific circulation. Conclusions. Despite objective and subjective difficulties, the health care of Penza region as a whole solved the tasks assigned to it and prepared the necessary base, which was test ed during the Great Patriotic War.
124-138
Development of Penza art school in 1938–1964: the role of the regional branch of the Union of Painters
摘要
Background. The establishment of the state monopoly in the sphere of art has changed the vector and trajectories of the development of the artistic process. For a long time opposite tendencies coexisted in the ideological campaigns of the state and in the practice of real artistic life. The purpose of the research is to reveal the specifics of creation and activity of Penza branch of the organisation “Union of Soviet Painters”. Materials and methods. System-structural method was used to study the ways of interaction between the authorities and creative artistic intelligentsia, to identify the effectiveness of the regional branch. The comparative-historical method allowed to reveal the specificity of activity of the regional branch of the “Union of Soviet Рainters”. Results. The study showed the influ ence of ideological campaigns on the themes and stylistics of creative works. The direc tions of individual creative searches of Penza artists were revealed. Organisational difficul ties of the department’s activity were noted: insufficient funding, lack of premises for crea tive work and irregularity of orders. The close connection of the department with the art school, which provided the personnel potential of the department, had a positive influence. Penza branch demonstrated organisational stability and a high level of participation of crea tive intellectuals in exhibitions. Conclusions. Penza artists contributed to the development of Soviet art. The management of Penza branch and the regional authorities exercised ideo logical control over the work of artists, but did not completely suppress individual artistic endeavours. Organisational problems of the branch and lack of material resources hindered the development of Penza art school, but the strong connection with the art school ensured relative stability.
139-150
Soviet model of separate education (by the example of Penza region)
摘要
Background. In modern conditions, the question of the prospects for introducing separate school education is debatable. At the same time, historiography contains only fragmentary coverage of this problem, which makes it necessary to study the historical ex perience of implementing separate education in the USSR. The purpose of this work is to consider the implementation of the policy of separate education in the USSR on the exam ple of Penza region in 1943–1954. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of archival documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the State Archive of Penza Region, party and government resolutions. The implementation of re search tasks was achieved through the application of systematic and integrated approaches to the consideration of the organization of a system of separate education for boys and girls during the Great Patriotic War and the post-war years. Results. The development of this topic carries a historical novelty, in the course of the study, not only separate education in the USSR was considered in organizational, legal or pedagogical terms, but also from the point of view of regional history. The analysis revealed the prerequisites for the introduc tion of a gender model of education in the USSR. The dynamics of the activity of separate educational institutions is considered. The diverse difficulties in the organization of sepa rate education and the reasons for the abandonment of the system of men’s and women’s schools in 1954 were revealed. Conclusions. The introduction of separate education in the Soviet period was due to a government order. The party leadership, based on the experi ence of separate education in the pre-revolutionary period, in order to avoid social inequali ty of the sexes, maintained uniform school curricula in men’s and women’s schools, with the exception of military training programs. The refusal to implement a separate model of education in 1954 was due to the fact that the pedagogical and material and everyday diffi culties of the war years were not considered. During the implementation of separate educa tion in urban schools, class occupancy increased, problems arose with the distribution of students to schools, with the selection of staff, and there was a lack of educational equipment.
151-162