The impact of electronic smoking devices on the respiratory system (literature review)

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Abstract

The review analyzes epidemiological data on the prevalence of smoking electronic cigarettes (EC), vapes (V) and modern scientific research on vaping-associated respiratory system damage. The main consumers of EC and V in Russia are teenagers – about 90 %, adults – less than 10 %. According to various sources, at least 30 % of the surveyed teenagers have tried or smoke EC and V regularly. The prevalence of EC and electronic tobacco heating devices consumption among teenagers and young people is beginning to acquire an epidemic character. The absence in previous years of a comprehensive system for protecting the younger generation from EC and V consumption contributed to the formation of a persistent opinion in this environment that vaping is a safe alternative to smoking regular cigarettes. Meanwhile, the results of numerous foreign and domestic studies indicate that smoking EC and V can trigger the process of destruction of lung tissue and reduce the protective function of the organ. Regular inhalation of aerosol provokes the development of acute and chronic lung diseases in vapers, including “vape-associated lung injury” EVALI, included in the international classification of diseases. Pathologically, EVALI, is represented by an acute inflammatory process in the lung tissue, characteristic damage to the alveolar- capillary membrane with impaired gas exchange, with dysfunction of the endothelial and epithelial barriers, with increased permeability of the vascular bed and the involvement of leukocyte cells with the release of proinflammatory mediators. Currently, according to foreign publications, the mortality rate of hospitalized patients from EVALI reaches 2.4 %, which undoubtedly increases the relevance of research on the problem of consumption of electronic smoking devices and their impact on the respiratory system.

About the authors

Valeriy V. Vasilyev

Medical Institute, Penza State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: vvv1755@yandex.ru

Doctor of medical sciences, associate professor, professor of the sub-department of hygiene, public health and healthcare

(40 Krasnaya street, Penza, Russia)

Evgeniy A. Gusev

Medical Institute, Penza State University

Email: Gusev.cz@yandex.ru

Student

(40 Krasnaya street, Penza, Russia)

Marina V. Luk'yanova

Medical Institute, Penza State University

Email: mavlu2002@gmail.com

Candidate of medical sciences, associate professor, associate professor of the sub-department of therapy

(40 Krasnaya street, Penza, Russia)

Evgeniy V. Vasilyev

Medical Institute, Penza State University

Email: vostok.2023@bk.ru

Assistant of the sub-department of hygiene, public health and healthcare

(40 Krasnaya street, Penza, Russia)

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