Maintaining immunological memory to the SARS-CoV-2 virus during COVID-19 pandemic
- Authors: Toptygina A.P.1,2, Afridonova Z.E.1, Zakirov R.S.3, Semikina E.L.3,4
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Affiliations:
- G.N.Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Federal State Autonomous Institution “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
- Issue: Vol 13, No 1 (2023)
- Pages: 55-66
- Section: ORIGINAL ARTICLES
- URL: https://journal-vniispk.ru/2220-7619/article/view/126033
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-MIM-2009
- ID: 126033
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Abstract
The question on the duration and effectiveness of post-infection vs post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 immunity remains in the focus of numerous studies. The aim of the work was to examine the duration of maintained post-infection and post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 immunity as well as formation of hybrid (vaccination after infection) and breakthrough (repeated disease or disease after vaccination) immunity in the context of an ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. 107 adults with mild or moderate COVID-19 3–18 months after the disease and 30 subjects vaccinated twice with the Sputnik V vaccine were examined 1–6 times. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus were determined by ELISA on the “SARS-CoV-2-IgG quantitative-ELISA-BEST” test systems. The antibody avidity was measured by additional incubation with and without denaturing solution. Mononuclear cells were isolated from blood by gradient centrifugation, incubated with and without coronavirus S-protein for 20 hours, stained with fluorescently labeled antibodies, and the percentage of CD8highCD107a+ was counted using FACSCanto II cytometer. It was shown that in the group of convalescent and vaccinated subjects, the level of virus-specific antibodies decreased more deeply in individuals with initially high humoral response, but 9 months later the decrease slowed down and reached a plateau. The antibody avidity rose up to 50% and persisted for 18 months. Cellular immunity in recovered patients did not change for 1.5 years, while in vaccinated patients it gradually decreased 6 months later, but remained at detectable level. After revaccination, a significant increase in the level of antibodies, avidity up to 67.6% and cellular immunity returned to the initial level were noted. Hybrid immunity turned out to be significantly higher than post-infection and post-vaccination immunity. The level of antibodies increased to 1218.2 BAU/ml, avidity — to 69.85%, and cellular immunity — to 9.94%. Breakthrough immunity was significantly higher than that after the first disease. The level of antibodies rose to 1601 BAU/ml, avidity — up to 81.6%, cellular immunity — up to 13.71%. Using dynamic observation of four COVID-19 convalescents, it has been shown that in the context of the ongoing pandemic and active coronavirus mutation, natural boosting occurs both asymptomatically and as a result of a mild re-infection, which prevents disappearance of SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cellular immunity.
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##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Anna P. Toptygina
G.N.Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology; Lomonosov Moscow State University
Author for correspondence.
Email: toptyginaanna@rambler.ru
DSc (Medicine), Head Researcher, Head of the Laboratory of Cytokines; Professor, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology
Russian Federation, Moscow; MoscowZ. E. Afridonova
G.N.Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology
Email: toptyginaanna@rambler.ru
PhD Student, Laboratory of Cytokines
Russian Federation, MoscowR. Sh. Zakirov
Federal State Autonomous Institution “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Email: toptyginaanna@rambler.ru
Clinical Laboratory Specialist, Centralized Diagnostics Laboratory
Russian Federation, MoscowE. L. Semikina
Federal State Autonomous Institution “National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Email: toptyginaanna@rambler.ru
DSc (Medicine), Head Researcher, Head of the Centralized Diagnostics Laboratory; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Rheumatology
Russian Federation, Moscow; MoscowReferences
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