Evolution of herd SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity in the Republic of Belarus

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Abstract

Background. The course of the COVID-19 epidemic process depends on population immunity which prevents pathogen spread. Aim: to study an evolution of SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity in the Belarusian population rela- tive to COVID-19 pandemic dynamics.

Materials and methods. The work was carried out according to a methodology for assessing herd immunity developed by Rospotrebnadzor (Russia) and the Belarusian Ministry of Health involving the St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute (SPPI) by taking into account the WHO recommendations. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of Belarus and the SPPI Bioethics Committee. Participant selection was carried out by ques- tionnaire using a cloud (internet server) service. To monitor herd immunity, a cohort of 4661 subjects (involved at all stages of seromonitoring) was formed from the total volunteer group. Study subjects were randomized into groups based on age (1–17, 18–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70+ years), geographic region, and occupation. For the detection of antibodies (Abs) against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (Nc) and S glycoprotein receptor-binding domain (RBD), rel- evant assay systems were used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A four-stage study was conducted according to a unified scheme.

Results. At stage 1 (pandemic month 15), herd immunity was mainly accounted for by Nc+RBD+ Ab status alone. By stage 2 (4 months later), its specific proportion decreased by 1.2-fold, whereas percentage of subjects solely bearing RBD-specific Abs increased by 1.7-fold. At stages 3 and 4 (9 and 19 months after the onset) vs. stage 2, percent- age of subjects with RBD+Nc– decreased by 3.5%; the proportion of persons with Nc+RBD– Abs increased by 1.5-fold.

The most important contributor in herd immunity turned out to be due to population vaccination, with coverage reaching 70% by stage 4. Among vaccines, compared with whole-virion, inactivated BIBP-CorV vaccine the Sputnik V and Sputnik Light vector were used most often.

Conclusion. The evolution of herd SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity included a series of changes in circulating Ab levels (Nc, RBD). The hybrid immunity formed helped to reduce the incidence of COVID-19 to sporadic level.

About the authors

Anna Yu. Popova

Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare

Email: depart@gsen.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2567-9032

 DSc (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing

Russian Federation, Moscow

Viacheslav S. Smirnov

Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute

Author for correspondence.
Email: vssmi@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2723-1496
Scopus Author ID: 7403517323
ResearcherId: T-9205-217

DSc (Medicine), Professor, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology

Russian Federation, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Mira str., 14

Svetlana A. Egorova

Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute

Email: egorova72@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7589-0234

DSc (Medicine), Deputy Director for Innovation

Russian Federation, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Mira str., 14

Alexander A. Tarasenko

Ministry of Health

Email: ATarasenko74@belcmt.by
ORCID iD: 0009-0005-3103-9658

Deputy Minister - Chief State Sanitary Doctor

Belarus, Minsk

Alla M. Dashkevich

Republican Center for Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health

Email: Alla.Dashkevich@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8212-1129

Head of the Department of Epidemiology

Belarus, Minsk

Angelica M. Milichkina

Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute

Email: Milichkina@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9421-7109

PhD (Medicine), Head Physician of the Medical Cente

Russian Federation, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Mira str., 14

Angela L. Skuranovich

Republican Center for Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health

Email: als_68@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0000-1376-581X

Chief Physician

Belarus, Minsk

Irina V. Drozd

Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute

Email: ckdl@pasteurorg.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1966-7860

PhD (Biology), Head

Russian Federation, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Mira str., 14

Irina N. Glinskaya

Republican Center for Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health

Email: irinaglinskay@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3941-9787

PhD (Medicine), Deputy Head Physician for Epidemiology

Belarus, Minsk

Elena V. Zueva

Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute

Email: elenazueva9@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4241-1452

PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology

Russian Federation, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Mira str., 14

Elena O. Samoilovich

Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology

Email: esamoilovich@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0009-7478-8439

DSc (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Vaccine-Preventable Infections

Belarus, Minsk

Valery A. Ivanov

Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute

Email: korsaring@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4512-8588

IT analyst

Russian Federation, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Mira str., 14

Edward Smith Ramsay

Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute

Email: WarmSunnyDay@nail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7086-5825

Science Analyst

Russian Federation, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Mira str., 14

Alexandra V. Gubanova

Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute

Email: gubanovasasha2012@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7222-081X

Doctor of clinical laboratory diagnostics of the Central Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory

Russian Federation, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Mira str., 14

Victoria G. Drobyshevskaya

Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute

Email: v.g.drobyshevskaia@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5827-9276

Doctor of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics

Russian Federation, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Mira str., 14

Oyuna B. Zhimbaeva

Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute

Email: damaoyuna@rambler.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0807-9588

Physician, Central Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory

Russian Federation, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Mira str., 14

Olga A. Petrova

Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute

Email: belka-mbf1988@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6252-1499

Doctor of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Central Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory

Russian Federation, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Mira str., 14

Alexandra P. Razumovskaya

Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute

Email: sandra020295@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5873-8612

Doctor  of the Central Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic

Russian Federation, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Mira str., 14

Inna A. Karaban

Ministry of Health

Email: inna_kia@list.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0000-8241-0107

Head of the Hygiene, Epidemiology and Diseases Prevention Department

Belarus, Minsk

Tamara V. Amvrosyeva

Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology

Email: amvrosieva@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7309-152X

DSc (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Infections with a Natural Reservoir

Belarus, Minsk

Natalya P. Shmeleva

Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology

Email: shmelevanataliya@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8543-9623

 PhD (Medicine), Head of the Influenza and Influenza-Like Diseases Laboratory

Belarus, Minsk

Lyudmila V. Rubanik

Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology

Email: rubaniklv@tut.by
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7963-0026

PhD (Biology), Head of the Laboratory for Diagnostics of Combined Bacterial Viral Infections

Belarus, Minsk

Alina M. Dronina

Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology

Email: alinadronina@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7020-387X

Deputy Director for Research.

Belarus, Minsk

Areg A. Totolian

Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute

Email: pasteur@pasteurorg.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4571-8799

RAS Full Member, DSc (Medicine), Professor, Director

Russian Federation, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Mira str., 14

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3. Figure 1. Evolution of COVID-19 morbidity and vaccination dynamics in the Belarusian population

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4. Figure 2. Distribution of seropositivity (Nc, RBD) among volunteers by age group and seromonitoring stage

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5. Figure 3. Distribution of volunteer seropositivity (Nc, RBD) by region and seromonitoring stage

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6. Figure 4. Distribution of volunteer seropositivity (Nc, RBD) by professional group and seromonitoring stage

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7. Figure 5. Distribution of Nc Ab levels by volunteer age group and seromonitoring stage

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8. Figure 6. Distribution of RBD Ab levels by volunteer age group and seromonitoring stage

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9. Figure 7. Vaccine usage structure in the Republic of Belarus during the seromonitoring period

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Copyright (c) 2023 Popova A.Y., Smirnov V.S., Egorova S.A., Tarasenko A.A., Dashkevich A.M., Milichkina A.M., Skuranovich A. ., Drozd I.V., Glinskaya I.N., Zueva E.V., Samoilovich E.O., Ivanov V.A., Ramsay E.S., Gubanova A.V., Drobyshevskaya V.G., Zhimbaeva O.B., Petrova O.A., Razumovskaya A.P., Karaban I.A., Amvrosyeva T.V., Shmeleva N.P., Rubanik L.V., Dronina A.M., Totolian A.A.

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Согласие на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика»

1. Я (далее – «Пользователь» или «Субъект персональных данных»), осуществляя использование сайта https://journals.rcsi.science/ (далее – «Сайт»), подтверждая свою полную дееспособность даю согласие на обработку персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации Оператору - федеральному государственному бюджетному учреждению «Российский центр научной информации» (РЦНИ), далее – «Оператор», расположенному по адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А, со следующими условиями.

2. Категории обрабатываемых данных: файлы «cookies» (куки-файлы). Файлы «cookie» – это небольшой текстовый файл, который веб-сервер может хранить в браузере Пользователя. Данные файлы веб-сервер загружает на устройство Пользователя при посещении им Сайта. При каждом следующем посещении Пользователем Сайта «cookie» файлы отправляются на Сайт Оператора. Данные файлы позволяют Сайту распознавать устройство Пользователя. Содержимое такого файла может как относиться, так и не относиться к персональным данным, в зависимости от того, содержит ли такой файл персональные данные или содержит обезличенные технические данные.

3. Цель обработки персональных данных: анализ пользовательской активности с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика».

4. Категории субъектов персональных данных: все Пользователи Сайта, которые дали согласие на обработку файлов «cookie».

5. Способы обработки: сбор, запись, систематизация, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передача (доступ, предоставление), блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных.

6. Срок обработки и хранения: до получения от Субъекта персональных данных требования о прекращении обработки/отзыва согласия.

7. Способ отзыва: заявление об отзыве в письменном виде путём его направления на адрес электронной почты Оператора: info@rcsi.science или путем письменного обращения по юридическому адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А

8. Субъект персональных данных вправе запретить своему оборудованию прием этих данных или ограничить прием этих данных. При отказе от получения таких данных или при ограничении приема данных некоторые функции Сайта могут работать некорректно. Субъект персональных данных обязуется сам настроить свое оборудование таким способом, чтобы оно обеспечивало адекватный его желаниям режим работы и уровень защиты данных файлов «cookie», Оператор не предоставляет технологических и правовых консультаций на темы подобного характера.

9. Порядок уничтожения персональных данных при достижении цели их обработки или при наступлении иных законных оснований определяется Оператором в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации.

10. Я согласен/согласна квалифицировать в качестве своей простой электронной подписи под настоящим Согласием и под Политикой обработки персональных данных выполнение мною следующего действия на сайте: https://journals.rcsi.science/ нажатие мною на интерфейсе с текстом: «Сайт использует сервис «Яндекс.Метрика» (который использует файлы «cookie») на элемент с текстом «Принять и продолжить».