От коронавирусов к коронавирусам
- Авторы: Киселева И.В.1, Мусаева Т.Д.2
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Учреждения:
- ФГБНУ Институт экспериментальной медицины
- ФГБУ НИИ гриппа им. А.А. Смородинцева Минздрава России
- Выпуск: Том 13, № 5 (2023)
- Страницы: 822-840
- Раздел: ОБЗОРЫ
- URL: https://journal-vniispk.ru/2220-7619/article/view/158886
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-FCT-15641
- ID: 158886
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Аннотация
Официальная история открытия коронавирусов человека отсчитывается с 1965 г., когда на органной культуре трахеи человеческого эмбриона из назальных смывов больного острым респираторным заболеванием был выделен первый коронавирус B814, к настоящему времени утерянный. Однако эта дата может являться только промежуточным этапом на длинном эволюционном пути этого возбудителя. Исследования палеовирусологов показали, что коронавирусы могли появиться еще в каменном веке — в эпоху верхнего палеолита, и местом их происхождения называют Восточную Азию — регион, хорошо известный вирусологам как источник появления многих высокопатогенных вирусов гриппа и новых коронавирусов, таких как SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV и SARS-CoV-2. Это заставляет по-иному взглянуть на кажущуюся безобидность сезонных коронавирусов, циркулировавших до 2002 г., когда появился патогенный для человека вирус, вызывавший SARS — атипичную пневмонию. Сюда же укладывается и предположение о коронавирусной природе пандемии русского гриппа 1889 г. Сегодня известны 4 сезонных коронавируса и 3 новых, высокопатогенных для человека. 2 сезонных коронавируса (229E и NL63) относят к роду Alphacoronavirus, 2 других (OC43 и HKU1) и 3 новых коронавируса (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV и SARS-CoV-2) — к роду Betacoronavirus. В настоящем обзоре мы остановились на «крайних точках» — сезонных коронавирусах и пандемическом SARS-CoV-2. Мы попытались провести аналогию между ними и выявить основные черты, их отличающие. С точки зрения эпидемиологии и клиники их объединяет только воздушно-капельный путь передачи, характерный для всех респираторных вирусов, и повсеместное распространение, на характер и интенсивность которого не оказывают существенного влияния ни эпидемии, ни пандемии гриппа. Сезонные коронавирусы циркулировали даже в пандемию COVID-19, когда значительная часть других респираторных вирусов практически исчезла. Значительные различия между сезонными коронавирусами и SARS-CoV-2 прослеживаются в симптомах, тяжести и патогенезе заболеваний, которые они вызывают, а на структурном уровне между ними очень много общего. Это таксономическая близость, морфология, строение, физико-химические свойства вирионов, организация генома, основные этапы репликации вируса и многое другое. Что же сделало SARS-CoV-2 настолько агрессивным? Те немногие выявленные к настоящему моменту различия в размерах вирусных частиц и вирусного генома, использование или нет гемагглютининэстеразы для проникновения вируса в чувствительную клетку, прикрепление к разным клеточным рецепторам не могут объяснить существенную разницу в тяжести течения инфекции, которая вызывается сезонным либо пандемическим коронавирусом. Скорее всего, эти различия имеют в своей основе тонкие молекулярные механизмы, о которых еще только предстоит узнать.
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Ирина Васильевна Киселева
ФГБНУ Институт экспериментальной медицины
Email: irina.v.kiseleva@mail.ru
д.б.н., профессор, зав. лабораторией общей вирусологии
Россия, Санкт–ПетербургТамила Даировна Мусаева
ФГБУ НИИ гриппа им. А.А. Смородинцева Минздрава России
Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: tamilamusaeva94@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3050-1936
младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной вирусологии отдела этиологии и эпидемиологии
Россия, Санкт-ПетербургСписок литературы
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