Cytokines and HIV associated neurological manifestations: a systematic review

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Abstract

Background. Cytokines are key players in the immune system’s reaction to HIV and play a crucial role in HIV pathogenesis. Dysregulation of cytokines can contribute to the disease’s pathogenesis and associated complications, making a comprehensive understanding of their roles crucial for developing efficacious therapeutic interventions against HIV/AIDS. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to examine the role of cytokines in HIV associated neurological manifestations and related complications. Materials and methods. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase were explored for original English literature until September 10, 2022. Eligible articles for data extraction were screened and selected in two steps using some inclusion/ exclusion criteria. This study conforms to the PRISMA checklist and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Results. This review included a total of 15 studies. It was identified that cytokines were associated with sleep problems and numerous neurological manifestations. The most common neurological conditions include dementia, seizure, meningitis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, microcephalus, encephalitis, and gliosis. Commonly used cytokines detection methods included PCR, ELISA, Luminex xMAP multiplex platform, and PUREGene DNA Isolation System. Cytokine samples were mostly taken from blood and tissue. Conclusion. There is an interconnecting pathway of cytokines, neurological function (mainly dementia), and sleep habits in people living with HIV. Despite this, the mechanism of cytokines influencing sleep problems and neuropathological disorders remains unclear. Further research is warranted to determine the potential mechanisms and impact of cytokines associations in HIV progression.

About the authors

S. SeyedAlinaghi

Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

MD, MPhil, PhD, Research Fellowship, Associate Professor, Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS

Iran, Islamic Republic of, Tehran

A.M. Afsahi

University of California

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

MD, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine

United States, San Diego (UCSD), California

P. Mirzapour

Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

Researcher, Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS

Iran, Islamic Republic of, Tehran

S. Alikarami

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

MD, Student, School of Medicine

Iran, Islamic Republic of, Tehran

A. Afzalian

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

MD, School of Medicine

Iran, Islamic Republic of, Tehran

P. Matini

Iran University of Medical Sciences

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

MD, Student, School of Medicine

Iran, Islamic Republic of, Tehran

S. Mahrokhi

Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

MD, Researcher, Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS

Iran, Islamic Republic of, Tehran

Z. Ali

University of Saskatchewan

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

MD, Researcher

Canada, Saskatoon

A. Pashaei

Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; University of British Columbia

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

PhD Student, School of Nursing

Iran, Islamic Republic of, Tehran; Vancouver, Canada

S. Eslami

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

MD, Student, School of Medicine

Iran, Islamic Republic of, Tehran

F. Vahedi

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

MD, Student, School of Medicine

Iran, Islamic Republic of, Tehran

P. Paranjkhoo

American University of Armenia

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

MD, MPH, Researcher, Turpanjian College of Health Sciences

Armenia, Yerevan

M.A. Habibi

Qom University of Medical Sciences

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

MD, Student, Clinical Research Development Center

Iran, Islamic Republic of, Qom

A. Molla

Bushehr University of Medical Sciences

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

MD Student, School of Medicine

Iran, Islamic Republic of, Bushehr

A. Dadjou

Bushehr University of Medical Sciences

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

Student, School of Medicine

Iran, Islamic Republic of, Bushehr

S.N. Parikhani

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

BS in Nursing, School of Medicine

Iran, Islamic Republic of, Tehran

Esmaeil Mehraeen

Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Health Information Technology

Iran, Islamic Republic of, Khalkhal

D. Hackett

The University of Sydney

Email: es.mehraeen@gmail.com

PhD (Exercise and Sport Science), Lecturer in Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health

Australia, Sydney, New South Wales

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