Magnetic field application in bone tissue regeneration: issue current status and prospects for method development

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Relevance. Magnets have long been used to treat various diseases, especially in inflammatory processes. According to existing historical data, magnetotherapy was already used in ancient times by the Chinese, Egyptians and Greeks. Different magnetic field strengths affect cells in different ways, with medium-strength magnetic fields being the most widely used. The review presents a brief history and current state of the issue of using a magnetic field in bone tissue regeneration. Modern knowledge about the mechanisms of physiological and reparative regeneration, restoration of bone tissue is clarified, and modern areas of bone tissue engineering are considered, taking into account the characteristics of microcirculation and the effect of a magnetic field on the physiology of bone tissue and reparative regeneration. One of the key findings of the review is that the magnetic field improves bone tissue repair by influencing the metabolic behavior of cells. Studies show that magnetotherapy promotes the activation of cellular processes, accelerates the formation of new bone tissue and improves its quality. It is also noted that the magnetic field has a positive effect on microcirculation, improving the blood supply to tissues and facilitating a better supply of nutrients to the site of injury. This contributes to faster wound healing and early rehabilitation of patients. Conclusion. Magnetotherapy is one of the effective physical and rehabilitation methods of treatment that will become increasingly important in modern medicine. However, further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms of action of a magnetic field on bone tissue and to determine the optimal parameters for its application.

About the authors

Alexandr A. Muraev

RUDN University

Email: ms.s.karina@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3982-5512
Moscow, Russian Federation

George G. Manukyan

RUDN University

Email: ms.s.karina@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0007-8636-994X
Moscow, Russian Federation

Karina M. Salekh

RUDN University

Email: ms.s.karina@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4415-766X
Moscow, Russian Federation

Anton P. Bonartsev

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: ms.s.karina@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5894-9524
Moscow, Russian Federation

Alexey V. Volkov

RUDN University

Author for correspondence.
Email: ms.s.karina@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5611-3990
Moscow, Russian Federation

References

  1. Gilbert W. De Magnete. Dover Publication Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1958.
  2. Von Middendorff AT. Die Isepiptesen Russlands. Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften: St. Petersburg, Russia, 1855.
  3. Schott H. Zur Geschichte der Elektrotherapie und ihrer Beziehung zum Heilmagnetismus. In Naturheilverfahren und Unkonventionelle Medizinische Richtunge. Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 1996.
  4. Talantov PV. Evidence-­based medicine from magic to the search for immortality. AST Publishing House: CORPUS. 2019. 560 p. (In Russian).
  5. Pajarinen J, Lin T, Gibon E, Kohno Y, Maruyama M, Nathan K, Lu L, Yao Z, Goodman SB. Mesenchymal stem cell-macrophage crosstalk and bone healing. Biomaterials. 2019;196:80-89. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.12.025
  6. Diomede F, Marconi GD, Fonticoli L, Pizzicanella J, Merciaro I, Bramanti P, Mazzon E, Trubiani O. Functional Relationship between Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis in Tissue Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(9):3242. doi: 10.3390/ijms21093242
  7. Massari L, Benazzo F, Falez F, Perugia D, Pietrogrande L, Setti S, Osti R, Vaienti E, Ruosi C, Cadossi R. Biophysical stimulation of bone and cartilage: state of the art and future perspectives. Int Orthop. 2019;43(3):539-551. doi: 10.1007/s00264-018-4274-3
  8. Majidinia M, Sadeghpour A, Yousefi B. The roles of signaling pathways in bone repair and regeneration. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233(4):2937-2948. doi: 10.1002/jcp.26042
  9. Shang F, Yu Y, Liu S, Ming L, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Zhao J, Jin Y. Advancing application of mesenchymal stem cell-based bone tissue regeneration. Bioact Mater. 2020;6(3):666-683. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.014
  10. Zhang S, Li X, Qi Y, Ma X, Qiao S, Cai H, Zhao BC, Jiang HB, Lee ES. Comparison of Autogenous Tooth Materials and Other Bone Grafts. Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2021;18(3):327-341. doi: 10.1007/s13770-021-00333-4
  11. Muraev AA, Ivanov SY, Ivashkevich SG, Gorshenev VN, Teleshev AT, Kibardin AV, Kobets KK, Dubrovin VK. Organotypic bone grafts-a prospect for the development of modern osteoplastic materials. Dentistry. 2017;96(3):36-37. doi: 10.17116/stomat201796336-39. (In Russian).
  12. Chocholata P, Kulda V, Babuska V. Fabrication of Scaffolds for Bone-­Tissue Regeneration. Materials (Basel). 2019;12(4):568. doi: 10.3390/ma12040568
  13. Battafarano G, Rossi M, De Martino V, Marampon F, Borro L, Secinaro A, Del Fattore A. Strategies for Bone Regeneration: From Graft to Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(3):1128. doi: 10.3390/ijms22031128
  14. Liang B, Liang JM, Ding JN, Xu J, Xu JG, Chai YM. Dimethyloxaloylglycine-­stimulated human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes enhance bone regeneration through angiogenesis by targeting the AKT/mTOR pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1):335. doi: 10.1186/s13287-019-1410-y
  15. Naudot M, Garcia A, Jankovsky N, Barre A, Zabijak L, Azdad SZ, Collet L, Bedoui F, Hébraud A, Schlatter G, Devauchelle B, Marolleau JP, Legallais C, Le Ricousse S. The combination of a poly-caprolactone/nano-hydroxyapatite honeycomb scaffold and mesenchymal stem cells promotes bone regeneration in rat calvarial defects. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2020;14(11):1570-1580. doi: 10.1002/term.3114
  16. Wubneh A, Tsekoura EK, Ayranci C, Uludag H. Current state of fabrication technologies and materials for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2018;80:1-30. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.031
  17. Iaquinta MR, Mazzoni E, Bononi I, Rotondo J, Mazziotta C, Montesi M, Sprio S, Tampieri A, Tognon, Martini F. Adult Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration and Repair. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2019;7:268. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00268
  18. Huang X, Das R, Patel A, Nguyen TD. Physical Stimulations for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration. Regen Eng Transl Med. 2018;4(4):216-237. doi: 10.1007/s40883-018-0064-0
  19. Li S, Wei C, Lv Y. Preparation and Application of Magnetic Responsive Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;15(5):428-440. doi: 10.2174/1574888X15666200101122505
  20. Zhu F, Liu W, Li P, Zhao H, Deng X, Wang HL. Electric/Magnetic Intervention for Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-­Analysis. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2023;29(3):217-231. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2022.0127
  21. Bingi VN. Principles of electromagnetic biophysics. FIZMATLIT. 2011. 592 p. (In Russian).
  22. Miller MA, Suvorov EV. Lorenz force. Soviet Encyclopedia. 1988. 704 p. (In Russian).
  23. Bulygin VS. Lorentz Force. Great Russian Encyclopedia. 2004-2017. (In Russian).
  24. Ulashchik VS. Physiotherapy. The latest methods and technologies: Reference manual. Knizhny dom. 2013. 448 p. (In Russian).
  25. Maksimov AV, Shiman AG. Therapeutic application of magnetic fields. Textbook. 1991. 49 p. (In Russian).
  26. Binhi VN, Rubin AB. Theoretical Concepts in Magnetobiology after 40 Years of Research. Cells. 2022;11(2):274. doi: 10.3390/cells11020274
  27. Ning C, Zhou Z, Tan G, Zhu Y, Mao C. Electroactive polymers for tissue regeneration: Developments and perspectives. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2018;81:144-162. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.01.001
  28. Ribeiro C, Sencadas V, Correia DM, Lanceros-­Méndez S. Piezoelectric polymers as biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2015;136:46-55. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.08.043
  29. Halperin C, Mutchnik S, Agronin A, Molotskii M, Urenski P, Salai M, Rosenman G. Piezoelectric effect in human bones studied in nanometer scale. Nano Letters. 2004;4(7):1253-1256, doi: 10.1021/nl049453i
  30. Fukada E, Yasuda I. On the Piezoelectric Effect of Bone. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 1957;12:1158-1162. doi: 10.1143/JPSJ.12.1158
  31. Zhou T, Gao B, Fan Y, Liu Y, Feng S, Cong Q, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Yadav PS, Lin J, Wu N, Zhao L, Huang D, Zhou S, Su P, Yang Y. Piezo1/2 mediate mechanotransduction essential for bone formation through concerted activation of NFAT-YAP1-ß-catenin. Elife. 2020;9: e52779. doi: 10.7554/eLife.52779
  32. Wolfenson H, Yang B, Sheetz MP. Steps in Mechanotransduction Pathways that Control Cell Morphology. Annu Rev Physiol. 2019;81:585-605. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021317-121245
  33. Qin L, Liu W, Cao H, Xiao G. Molecular mechanosensors in osteocytes. Bone Res. 2020;8:23. doi: 10.1038/s41413-020-0099-y
  34. Xu X, Liu S, Liu H, Ru K, Jia Y, Wu Z, Liang S, Khan Z, Chen Z, Qian A, Hu L. Piezo Channels: Awesome Mechanosensitive Structures in Cellular Mechanotransduction and Their Role in Bone. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(12):6429. doi: 10.3390/ijms22126429
  35. Qi Y, Zhang S, Zhang M, Zhou Z, Zhang X, Li W, Cai H, Zhao BC, Lee ES, Jiang HB. Effects of Physical Stimulation in the Field of Oral Health. Scanning. 2021;2021:5517567. doi: 10.1155/2021/5517567
  36. Jing D, Zhai M, Tong S, Xu F, Cai J, Shen G, Wu Y, Li X, Xie K, Liu J, Xu Q, Luo E. Pulsed electromagnetic fields promote osteogenesis and osseointegration of porous titanium implants in bone defect repair through a Wnt/β-catenin signaling-­associated mechanism. Sci Rep. 2016;6:32045. doi: 10.1038/srep32045
  37. Umiatin U, Hadisoebroto Dilogo I, Sari P, Kusuma Wijaya S. Histological Analysis of Bone Callus in Delayed Union Model Fracture Healing Stimulated with Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF). Scientifica (Cairo). 2021;2021:4791172. doi: 10.1155/2021/4791172
  38. Yuan J, Xin F, Jiang W. Underlying Signaling Pathways and Therapeutic Applications of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Bone Repair. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;46(4):1581-1594. doi: 10.1159/000489206
  39. Mansourian M, Shanei A. Evaluation of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Effects: A Systematic Review and Meta-­Analysis on Highlights of Two Decades of Research In Vitro Studies. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:6647497. doi: 10.1155/2021/6647497
  40. Zhai M, Jing D, Tong S, Wu Y, Wang P, Zeng Z, Shen G, Wang X, Xu Q, Luo E. Pulsed electromagnetic fields promote in vitro osteoblastogenesis through a Wnt/β-catenin signaling-­associated mechanism. Bioelectromagnetics. 2016;37(3):152-162. doi: 10.1002/bem.21961
  41. Okada R, Yamato K, Kawakami M, Kodama J, Kushioka J, Tateiwa D, Ukon Y, Zeynep B, Ishimoto T, Nakano T, Yoshikawa H, Kaito T. Low magnetic field promotes recombinant human BMP-2-induced bone formation and influences orientation of trabeculae and bone marrow-­derived stromal cells. Bone Rep. 2021;14:100757. doi: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.100757
  42. Kamei N, Adachi N, Ochi M. Magnetic cell delivery for the regeneration of musculoskeletal and neural tissues. Regen Ther. 2018;9:116-119. doi: 10.1016/j.reth.2018.10.001
  43. Peng L, Fu C, Xiong F, Zhang Q, Liang Z, Chen L, He C, Wei Q. Effectiveness of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Bone Healing: A Systematic Review and Meta-­Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41(5):323-337. doi: 10.1002/bem.22271
  44. Zhao H, Liu C, Liu Y, Ding Q, Wang T, Li H, Wu H, Ma T. Harnessing electromagnetic fields to assist bone tissue engineering. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s13287-022-03217-z
  45. Di Bartolomeo M, Cavani F, Pellacani A, Grande A, Salvatori R, Chiarini L, Nocini R, Anesi A. Pulsed Electro-­Magnetic Field (PEMF) Effect on Bone Healing in Animal Models: A Review of Its Efficacy Related to Different Type of Damage. Biology (Basel). 2022;11(3):402. doi: 10.3390/biology11030402
  46. Yang J, Zhou S, Lv H, Wei M, Fang Y, Shang P. Static magnetic field of 0.2-0.4 T promotes the recovery of hindlimb unloading-­induced bone loss in mice. Int J Radiat Biol. 2021;97(5):746-754. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1900944
  47. Naito Y, Yamada S, Jinno Y, Arai K, Galli S, Ichikawa T, Jimbo R. Bone-­Forming Effect of a Static Magnetic Field in Rabbit Femurs. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2019;39(2):259-264. doi: 10.11607/prd.3220
  48. Zhang J, Ding C, Ren L, Zhou Y, Shang P. The effects of static magnetic fields on bone. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2014;114(3):146-52. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.02.001
  49. Zhang J, Meng X, Ding C, Shang P. Effects of static magnetic fields on bone microstructure and mechanical properties in mice. Electromagn Biol Med. 2018;37(2):76-83. doi: 10.1080/15368378.2018.1458626
  50. Zhang XY, Xue Y, Zhang Y. Effects of 0.4 T rotating magnetic field exposure on density, strength, calcium and metabolism of rat thigh bones. Bioelectromagnetics. 2006;27(1):1-9. doi: 10.1002/bem.20165
  51. Pan X, Xiao D, Zhang X, Huang Y, Lin B. Study of rotating permanent magnetic field to treat steroid-­induced osteonecrosis of femoral head. Int Orthop. 2009;33(3):617-23. doi: 10.1007/s00264-007-0506-7
  52. Du L, Fan H, Miao H, Zhao G, Hou Y. Extremely low frequency magnetic fields inhibit adipogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 2014;35(7):519-30. doi: 10.1002/bem.21873
  53. Jing D, Cai J, Wu Y, Shen G, Zhai M, Tong S, Xu Q, Xie K, Wu X, Tang C, Xu X, Liu J, Guo W, Jiang M, Luo E. Moderate-­intensity rotating magnetic fields do not affect bone quality and bone remodeling in hindlimb suspended rats. PLoS One. 2014;9(7): e102956. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102956.
  54. Lee EJ, Jain M, Alimperti S. Bone Microvasculature: Stimulus for Tissue Function and Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2021;27(4):313-329. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2020.0154
  55. Lopes D, Martins-­Cruz C, Oliveira MB, Mano JF. Bone physiology as inspiration for tissue regenerative therapies. Biomaterials. 2018;185:240-275. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.028
  56. Wiszniak S, Schwarz Q. Exploring the Intracrine Functions of VEGF-A. Biomolecules. 2021;11(1):128. doi: 10.3390/biom11010128
  57. Li Y, Baccouche B, Olayinka O, Serikbaeva A, Kazlauskas A. The Role of the Wnt Pathway in VEGF/Anti-­VEGF-Dependent Control of the Endothelial Cell Barrier. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;62(12):17. doi: 10.1167/iovs.62.12.17
  58. Caliogna L, Medetti M, Bina V, Brancato AM, Castelli A, Jannelli E, Ivone A, Gastaldi G, Annunziata S, Mosconi M, Pasta G. Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Bone Healing: Molecular Pathways and Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(14):7403. doi: 10.3390/ijms22147403
  59. Hyldahl F, Hem-­Jensen E, Rahbek UL, Tritsaris K, Dissing S. Pulsed electric fields stimulate microglial transmitter release of VEGF, IL-8 and GLP-1 and activate endothelial cells through paracrine signaling. Neurochem Int. 2023;163:105469. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105469
  60. Peng L, Fu C, Liang Z, Zhang Q, Xiong F, Chen L, He C, Wei Q. Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Increase Angiogenesis and Improve Cardiac Function After Myocardial Ischemia in Mice. Circ J. 2020;84(2):186-193. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-19-0758
  61. Cardoso VF, Francesko A, Ribeiro C, Bañobre-­López M, Martins P, Lanceros-­Mendez S. Advances in Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater. 2018;7(5). doi: 10.1002/adhm.201700845
  62. Farzin A, Etesami SA, Quint J, Memic A, Tamayol A. Magnetic Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. Adv Healthc Mater. 2020;9(9): e1901058. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201901058
  63. Shubayev VI, Pisanic TR, Jin S. Magnetic nanoparticles for theragnostics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009;61(6):467-467. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.007
  64. Shustov MA, Shustova VA. Physiotherapy in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery. SpetsLit. 2019. 167 p. (In Russian).
  65. Bychkov AI. Electromagnetic stimulation of regeneration processes during dental implantation: dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medical Sciences. M. 2005. 186 p. (In Russian).
  66. Dagaev ND. Properties of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and their applications. Science and education: topical issues of theory and practice: materials of the International scientific and methodological conference, Orenburg. 2021;223-225. (In Russian).
  67. Kuklina AS. Magnetite nanoparticles: preparation methods and properties (literature review). Modern science. 2019;6(2):8-12. (In Russian).
  68. Aghajanian AH, Bigham A, Sanati A, Kefayat A, Salamat MR, Sattary M, Rafienia M. A 3D macroporous and magnetic Mg2SiO4-CuFe2O4 scaffold for bone tissue regeneration: Surface modification, in vitro and in vivo studies. Biomater Adv. 2022;1(37):212809. doi: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212809
  69. Wu D, Chang X, Tian J, Kang L, Wu Y, Liu J, Wu X, Huang Y, Gao B, Wang H, Qiu G, Wu Z. Bone mesenchymal stem cells stimulation by magnetic nanoparticles and a static magnetic field: release of exosomal miR-1260a improves osteogenesis and angiogenesis. J Nanobiotechnology. 2021;19(1):209. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00958-6
  70. Xia Y, Chen H, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Li X, Wang L, Weir MD, Ma J, Reynolds MA, Gu N, Xu HHK. Novel magnetic calcium phosphate-stem cell construct with magnetic field enhances osteogenic differentiation and bone tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2019;98:30-41. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.120
  71. Zamai TN, Tolmacheva TV. New strategies for bone tissue regeneration using magnetomechanical transduction. Siberian Medical Review. 2021;6:5-11 (In Russian).
  72. Lu JW, Yang F, Ke QF, Xie XT, Guo YP. Magnetic nanoparticles modified-­porous scaffolds for bone regeneration and photothermal therapy against tumors. Nanomedicine. 2018;14(3):811-822. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.12.025
  73. Qing L, Gang Z, Tong W, Yongzhao H, Xuliang D, Yan Wei. Investigations into the Biocompatibility of Nano-hydroxyapatite Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles under Magnetic Situation. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2015;10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/835604
  74. Galli C, Pedrazzi G, Mattioli-­Belmonte M, Guizzardi S. The Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields to Promote Bone Responses to Biomaterials In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Biomater. 2018;2018:8935750. doi: 10.1155/2018/8935750

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Согласие на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика»

1. Я (далее – «Пользователь» или «Субъект персональных данных»), осуществляя использование сайта https://journals.rcsi.science/ (далее – «Сайт»), подтверждая свою полную дееспособность даю согласие на обработку персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации Оператору - федеральному государственному бюджетному учреждению «Российский центр научной информации» (РЦНИ), далее – «Оператор», расположенному по адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А, со следующими условиями.

2. Категории обрабатываемых данных: файлы «cookies» (куки-файлы). Файлы «cookie» – это небольшой текстовый файл, который веб-сервер может хранить в браузере Пользователя. Данные файлы веб-сервер загружает на устройство Пользователя при посещении им Сайта. При каждом следующем посещении Пользователем Сайта «cookie» файлы отправляются на Сайт Оператора. Данные файлы позволяют Сайту распознавать устройство Пользователя. Содержимое такого файла может как относиться, так и не относиться к персональным данным, в зависимости от того, содержит ли такой файл персональные данные или содержит обезличенные технические данные.

3. Цель обработки персональных данных: анализ пользовательской активности с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика».

4. Категории субъектов персональных данных: все Пользователи Сайта, которые дали согласие на обработку файлов «cookie».

5. Способы обработки: сбор, запись, систематизация, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передача (доступ, предоставление), блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных.

6. Срок обработки и хранения: до получения от Субъекта персональных данных требования о прекращении обработки/отзыва согласия.

7. Способ отзыва: заявление об отзыве в письменном виде путём его направления на адрес электронной почты Оператора: info@rcsi.science или путем письменного обращения по юридическому адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А

8. Субъект персональных данных вправе запретить своему оборудованию прием этих данных или ограничить прием этих данных. При отказе от получения таких данных или при ограничении приема данных некоторые функции Сайта могут работать некорректно. Субъект персональных данных обязуется сам настроить свое оборудование таким способом, чтобы оно обеспечивало адекватный его желаниям режим работы и уровень защиты данных файлов «cookie», Оператор не предоставляет технологических и правовых консультаций на темы подобного характера.

9. Порядок уничтожения персональных данных при достижении цели их обработки или при наступлении иных законных оснований определяется Оператором в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации.

10. Я согласен/согласна квалифицировать в качестве своей простой электронной подписи под настоящим Согласием и под Политикой обработки персональных данных выполнение мною следующего действия на сайте: https://journals.rcsi.science/ нажатие мною на интерфейсе с текстом: «Сайт использует сервис «Яндекс.Метрика» (который использует файлы «cookie») на элемент с текстом «Принять и продолжить».