Том 29, № 3 (2025): ONCOLOGY

Relevance. Radiation therapy (RT) remains a cornerstone of oncology, offering targeted treatment for various cancers. With its roots tracing back to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen and radium research by Marie Curie, RT has evolved into a sophisticated field encompassing a range of techniques. However, the rising global cancer burden highlights the need for continuous advancements to enhance efficacy while minimizing collateral damage. Traditional modalities such as X-rays and gamma rays have established their role in cancer treatment, yet they often lead to unintended damage to healthy tissues. Electron therapy has emerged as a promising alternative, leveraging distinct dosimetric properties that enable precise targeting with limited penetration depth. Low-energy electron beams are ideal for superficial tumors, while Very High-­Energy Electrons (VHEEs) extend the reach to deep-seated tumors, rivalling proton and heavy-ion therapies. Furthermore, the FLASH effect — a phenomenon reducing healthy tissue toxicity at ultra-high dose rates, offers a breakthrough in electron therapy, improving patient quality of life. Despite these advancements, challenges persist. Limited penetration depth, secondary radiation from bremsstrahlung, and complexities in dose delivery systems constrain broader clinical adoption. Moreover, unresolved biological uncertainties, such as variability in relative biological effectiveness (RBE), necessitate further research. This review explores the historical evolution, unique benefits, and limitations of electron therapy compared to traditional modalities. It highlights advancements like VHEEs, FLASH therapy, and hybrid approaches, while addressing technological challenges and the future potential of electron beams in oncology. Conclusion. Integrated with recent technological breakthroughs, electron therapy may redefine the future of radiotherapy by offering safer, more precise, and individualized cancer treatment strategies.

Relevance. Currently, the study of the role of neutrophils in the development of renal cancer is of considerable interest. The study of the immunopathogenesis of renal cancer is determined by the need to use combined treatment with immunotherapy. It is known that neutrophils have both pro- and antitumor properties, which are associated with the level of surface receptors CD11b, CD16, CD63, CD66b and the killing activity of neutrophils. The aim of the study was to assess the killing potential of circulating neutrophils in renal tumors. Materials and Methods. The object of the study was circulating neutrophils of patients with verified renal cancer (n  =  74), patients with renal benign neoplasms (n  =  18) and conditionally healthy donors (n  =  22). The study of the phenotype of the isolated neutrophils was carried out by flow cytometry. Neutrophil extracellular traps were counted using the method by I.I. Dolgushin. Results and Discussion. Analysis of the percentage of neutrophil extracellular traps showed an increase in their number in the groups of patients with renal cancer, both stages I–II and III–IV, relative to the control group and the group of patients with renal benign neoplasms. An increase in the neutrophil trap index was found in the groups of patients with renal cancer stages I–II and III–IV relative to the control group and the group of patients with renal benign neoplasms. When assessing the phagocytic activity and the phagocytic activity index, a significant increase in these indicators was found in the groups of patients with renal cancer relative to the control group and the group of patients with renal benign neoplasms. A correlation was found between the percentage of neutrophil extracellular traps (r  =  0.438, p = 0.001), the phagocytic activity (r = 0.431, p = 0.001) and the phagocytic activity index (r = 0.507, p = 0.001) of neutrophils and the stage of renal cancer. A significant increase in the percentage of neutrophils expressing CD66b receptors was found both at the initial and widespread stages of renal cancer relative to the group with renal benign neoplasms and the control group. Multivariate Cox regression revealed an increase in the risk of renal cancer with an increase in CD66b expression, the neutrophil extracellular traps index, the phagocytic activity and the phagocytic activity index of circulating neutrophils (R2 = 0.728, χ² = 58.1, p = 0.001). For differential diagnostics between renal benign neoplasms and renal cancer, the percentage of CD66b+ neutrophils, the neutrophil extracellular traps index, the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and the phagocytic activity indexneutrophils demonstrated statistical significance together. The area under the curve (AUC) of the model was 0.983, and could be diagnosed with a probability of 94.3% (Spec. = 0.889, Sens. = 0.962). Conclusion. Thus, an increase in CD66b+ neutrophils and activation of extracellular trap release indicate an increase in the killing activity of neutrophils in renal cancer. Simultaneous determination of the amount of CD66b+ neutrophils, the index of neutrophil extracellular traps, phagocytic activity and the index of phagocytic activity can be used for differential diagnosis between the renal benign neoplasms and renal cancer.

Relevance. Preeclampsia is a severe complication of pregnancy, occurring in 8 % of cases and causing high maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. The etiology of preeclampsia is still a subject of research; however, more and more data indicate the involvement of innate immune cells, monocytes, in the pathogenesis of this dangerous pathology. The aim of our work was to study the expression of a number of immune-­associated genes in classical blood monocytes in preeclampsia and physiological pregnancy. Materials and Methods. The work used the methods of gradient centrifugation, magnetic sorting, cytometric analysis, real-time PCR. Results and Discussion. For the first time, an increase in the expression of the pseudogene of the adhesion receptor coupled to the G protein, ADGRE4P, in classical monocytes in preeclampsia is described. A significantly low relative level of expression of the interleukin 8 gene — CXCL8 — in preeclampsia was also revealed. Сonclusion. The role of individual monocytic subpopulations in the development of preeclampsia is still being clarified. It is obvious that monocytes can change the cytokine profile of blood plasma of patients with preeclampsia, enhance the reactions of innate immunity, including inflammation. The chemokine IL8 and the gene encoding it, as well as the pseudogene of the adhesion receptor, can become a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of this dangerous gestational pathology.

Relevance. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is classified as a chronic immune-­mediated disease, with its pathogenesis rooted in genetic predisposition and immune response dysregulation, predominantly driven by T2‑inflammatory reactions. This review highlights key aspects of the immunopathogenesis of AD, emphasizing its systemic inflammatory nature linked to T2‑immune dysregulation. This leads to the activation of cytokines such as IL‑4, IL‑5, IL‑13, and IL‑31. The article analyzes modern treatment approaches, including targeted therapy aimed at blocking T2 cytokines, stressing the importance of early intervention to prevent complications and the development of the atopic march. Understanding T2‑inflammation mechanisms opens new opportunities for developing effective personalized therapies for AD. Conclusion. Type 2 inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD, driving chronic inflammation, skin barrier dysfunction, and the clinical manifestations of the disease. Key mediators of T2 inflammation-­including IL‑4, IL‑5, IL‑13, and IL‑31‑regulate the activation of various immune-­competent cells, not only amplifying inflammation but also contributing to the development of pruritus. This, in turn, establishes the self-perpetuating “itch-scratch” cycle, which exacerbates skin damage and further stimulates inflammatory processes. Impaired skin barrier function also facilitates the penetration of allergens and microbial agents, further activating the immune response and worsening disease severity. Studying type 2 inflammation as a central mechanism in AD pathogenesis not only advances our understanding of the disease but also facilitates the development of new therapeutic strategies to control AD and improve patients’ quality of life, which remains a priority in contemporary immunology, allergology, and dermatology.

Relevance. Cataract is one of the causes of blindness and low vision among the pathology of the organ of vision. Medication to cure cataracts is extremely ineffective. According to statistics, over the past year, there are about a million patients diagnosed with cataracts. The main method of surgical treatment of cataracts is phacoemulsification. The main cause of a narrow pupil with lens opacities is pseudoexfoliative syndrome, which affects the development of the disease, both in the intraoperative and postoperative periods. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of mydriasis on intraoperative complications in patients with complicated cataract in PES. Materials and Methods. The study involved 176 patients of varying severity of PES and a control group without signs of PES. Patients underwent ophthalmological diagnostics (visometry, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, CCFM, ruler for measuring pupil diameter, pneumotonometry, IOP according to A.N. Maklakov, 10g weight, OST of the anterior segment). In addition to ophthalmological examinations, all patients underwent anamnesis and laboratory tests before surgery according to generally accepted methods. Preoperative preparation of the patient included both drug therapy and a psychological aspect. Particular importance was attached to premedication. All patients in all study groups were prescribed a sedative (per os) 1 hour before surgery. In all observation groups, in order to achieve the cycloplegia required during the operation, instillations of mydriatics were performed according to the scheme. Results and Discussion. Evaluation of the results revealed that the degree of mydriasis is a statistically significant risk factor for the development of all complications except “conjunctiva”. For the conjunctiva, no statistically significant risk factors were found among the selected parameters. AUC for ROC curves are in the range of 0.7–0.9 for all complications, which indicates a good and satisfactory choice of model parameters. In the “photophobia” regression, the risk of developing complications is 6 higher with mydriasis up to 5 mm in the postoperative period, and 26 times higher to get a complication with mydriasis less than 4 mm. In the regression of “chamber moisture” — the moisture of the anterior and posterior chambers, the risk of developing turbid fluid is 353 times higher with mydriasis less than 4 mm, and 27 times higher with mydriasis up to 5 mm. Conclusion. The characteristic signs of pseudoexfoliation syndrome undoubtedly complicate the surgeon’s work: rigid narrow pupil, ciliary muscle weakness, iridodonesis, phacodonesis. When planning cataract surgery, special attention should be paid to diagnosis, history taking in terms of general somatic features, and the choice of mydriatics. This work showed how much the degree of mydriasis can influence complications in the intraoperative period.

Relevance. Investigation the features of human achievement of the results of purposeful activity in different conditions of social interactions is relevant and of high significance. The importance of this issue is underscored by the need to equip businesses with skilled professionals who possess the necessary competencies, including social abilities, in line with the evolving demands of the modern world, and also to increase the effectiveness of the educational process. Furthermore, it is crucial to safeguard the psychosomatic health of the general public, which is heavily influenced by societal factors throughout their lives and work relationships. The aim of the study was to examine changes in performance measures of sensorimotor training in different social contexts of activity in same-sex male and female pairs. Materials and Methods: Sixty-five pairs of men and 63 pairs of women (age 19 years 7 months ± 3 months) were examined, using the sensorimotor training “Columns” of the hardware-­software complex “BOS-Kinesis” (Neurotech LLC, Taganrog, Russia). The research protocol included performing the tasks in different social contexts: individually, competitively, and collaboratively with a partner in conditions with and without feedback from participants’ actions. Results and Discussion. Three groups of subjects were identified according to the indicator of maximum performance in three individual trainings: high-, medium-, and low-performers. In competition, an increase in productivity was observed in the latter two groups. Sex differences were found in the proportion of subjects with initially low performance who improved performance in competition: their % was significantly lower among men than in the sample of women. In interpersonal sensorimotor coordination with feedback from partners’ actions, males had a significant decrease in personal performance and pair integral outcome measures, in contrast to female dyads. In cooperation without feedback from participants’ actions, a decrease in personal and integral performance was found for all pairs of subjects, but it was more significant in male dyads. Conclusion. Changes in result indicators in the joint contexts in dyads of subjects were determined by their initial individual performance levels and differed significantly between male and female pairs.