Early diagnosis and risk estimation of cardiovascular diseases: epidemiology, relevance, and comparative analysis of approaches in Russia, in the EU, and in the USA

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Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death, creating a significant socioeconomic burden for countries worldwide. Early diagnosis and risk assessment of CVDs are critical to reducing morbidity and mortality.

The aim of the current review is to compare all major approaches to early diagnosis and risk assessment of CVDs in Russia, in the European Union, and in the United States. It highlights current data on the epidemiology of CVDs, gender and age differences in their prevalence, associated economic costs, frequency of various diagnostic procedures, and the extent of screening. The efficacy of CVD diagnostic algorithms and the use of the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation 2 (SCORE2) and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) prognostic risk scores are considered. Also cardiovascular mortality rates and screening coverage in rural and urban areas of Russia, in the European Union, and in the United States are presented. The conclusions from the article highlight the need to strengthen the prevention and diagnosis of CVDs, particularly in Russia.

About the authors

Anna A. Usanova

N.P. Ogarev National Research Mordovia State University

Email: anna61-u@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2948-4865
SPIN-code: 8346-6031

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), professor, head of the Department of faculty therapy with a course in medical rehabilitation

Russian Federation, Saransk

Elvira K. Novikova

N.P. Ogarev National Research Mordovia State University

Email: Elja_F@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2839-8984

MD, assistant at the Department of faculty therapy with a course in medical rehabilitation

Russian Federation, Saransk

Natalya P. Sergutova

N.P. Ogarev National Research Mordovia State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: sergutovanp@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8274-7906
SPIN-code: 1960-1330

MD, PhD (Medicine), associate professor of the Department of faculty therapy with a course in medical rehabilitation

Russian Federation, Saransk

Fady Kuzma

N.P. Ogarev National Research Mordovia State University

Email: fadykuzma@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5215-0196

MD, PhD (Medicine), senior lecturer of the Department of faculty therapy with a course in medical rehabilitation

Russian Federation, Saransk

Tatyana A. Kunyaeva

N.P. Ogarev National Research Mordovia State University

Email: kunya_eva@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4245-4265
SPIN-code: 9245-0700

MD, PhD (Medicine), associate professor of the Department of outpatient therapy

Russian Federation, Saransk

Irina Kh. Fazlova

N.P. Ogarev National Research Mordovia State University

Email: fazlova@inbox.tu
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7082-6818
SPIN-code: 1719-2381

MD, PhD (Medicine), associate professor of the Department of faculty therapy with a course in medical rehabilitation

Russian Federation, Saransk

Natalya N. Guranova

N.P. Ogarev National Research Mordovia State University

Email: nguranova@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9418-4538
SPIN-code: 9125-1227

MD, PhD (Medicine), associate professor of the Department of faculty therapy with a course in medical rehabilitation

Russian Federation, Saransk

Nina I. Zhernakova

Belgorod State National Research University

Email: zhernakova@bsuedu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7648-0774
SPIN-code: 6858-8259

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), professor, head of the Department of family medicine

Russian Federation, Belgorod

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