Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo lingvističeskogo universiteta. Obŝestvennye nauki

The article examines the evolution of Turkey’s foreign policy strategy towards the countries of the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s, the period of the collapse of the SFRY and the intensification of ethno-religious conflicts in the Balkans. The aim of the study is to identify the factors that determined the transformation of Turkish foreign policy from cautious neutrality to active involvement in regional processes. In this work, special attention is paid to the role of religious, ethnic and cultural identity in shaping Ankara’s Balkan vector. This article uses the historical and comparative method, the study of primary sources, as well as the involvement of works by leading Turkish and foreign researchers. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of ideological shifts – from Kemalist civic nationalism to the Ozalist concept combining Turkish identity with the Islamic heritage of the Ottoman Empire. One of the promising areas of this research is a comparative analysis of Turkey’s position in relation to the aspirations of Bosnian Muslims and Kosovo Albanians to establish a national state. The author believes that such an implementation of multi-vector and targeted approaches to conflict resolution in the Western Balkans significantly influenced the subsequent strategy of building relations between Turkey and the countries of the former Yugoslavia, as well as laid the foundation for the development of new projects within the framework of the toolkit of “soft” and “smart” power. The results of the study demonstrate that Turkey’s foreign policy in the 1990s was contradictory and determined by a balance between the desire for regional leadership, internal political risks and pressure from international actors, primarily the United States and NATO. Ankara has developed a flexible foreign policy course that is in line with the constantly changing situation in the region. This approach underwent changes after the Justice and Development Party came to power in November 2002, but at the same time it remained relevant and formed the basis of Ankara’s modern foreign policy in the Balkans.

One of the most significant aspects of today’s global geopolitical landscape is the ongoing rivalry between Western countries and the People’s Republic of China. This article explores the origins and key contemporary features of Chinese-German relations and assesses their most likely future trajectories within this broader context. To this end, the study employs systemic and geopolitical analytical approaches, allowing for a comprehensive examination of bilateral relations between China and Germany, particularly in light of their membership in opposing geopolitical blocs. The analysis takes into account a range of geopolitical, economic, and – specifically for Germany – domestic political factors that shape these interactions. The study draws on a diverse set of sources, including analytical reports, statistical data, monographs, and scholarly articles from both domestic and German academic publications. The findings lead to several important conclusions. Western countries are undergoing a deep crisis, with their capacity for global leadership significantly weakened, in part due to the erosion of transatlantic unity. Although both China and Germany have been major beneficiaries of the globalization era, that era is now drawing to a close. Given Germany’s alignment with the United States and its EU allies, as well as China’s assertive defense of its national interests, the prospects for positive developments in Chinese-German relations in the near term appear limited. Consequently, the future trajectory of their relationship remains highly uncertain.

The article examines political changes in Turkey that have emerged against the backdrop of the capitalist development of globalization and regionalization systems. These trends are especially noticeable in Turkey’s foreign policy strategy, which has recently been actively transforming into a new neo-republican model characterized by a departure from the traditional form bequeathed by Ataturk and elements of post-imperial modification. The work analyzes the evolution of Turkish republicanism through the lens of contemporary foreign policy practice, including the strengthening of Turkey’s regional influence in the Middle East, Africa, and the Balkans. The study employs methods of comparative analysis, historical institutionalism, and a systemic approach to identify the features of the new foreign policy model. Special attention is paid to the concept of “Imperialism 2.0,” which integrates traditional and modern instruments of influence, as well as the role of ethnoconfessional and cultural-historical factors in shaping the country’s strategic priorities. As a result of the research, it is revealed that modern Turkey seeks to position itself as a regional center of power, combining the realization of its own interests with integration into global processes.

The article examines the activities of local authorities of the North-Western Territory of the Russian Empire to solve problems in the field of state and public security in the region from 1900 to 1907. The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of organizing government policy, taking into account local socio-political, economic and confessional characteristics and conditions, as well as the personal contribution of the governors-general who led the region during the specified period, in the fight against revolutionary and nationalist movements. The main directions of the policy are noted and its results are shown. It was concluded that the activities of local authorities in the western outskirts of the Russian Empire to ensure state and public security had not only the goal of restoring law and order in the run-up to and during the First Russian Revolution, but also had a social and confessional orientation, was unstable and depended on the changing course of state policy and political conjuncture of that time. The policy of Russification, bureaucratization and unification, accompanied by administrative and police measures, did not contribute to the final stabilization of public order and internal security in the region. The work uses retrospective, problem-chronological, historical-comparative, as well as general scientific research methods. This study deepens the information available in Russian historiography on the issue under study.

The purpose of the publication is to analyze the political events that influenced the architectural plans of the outstanding architect Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov, the reasons for the intervention of statesmen in the architectural process. The significance of the real contribution of M. F. Kazakov to the development of Russian architecture is analyzed. The methodological basis of the study is a set of general scientific and special historical methods. The study is based on a problem-historical analysis, taking into account the social conditions of that time. The work of M. F. Kazakov was one of the earliest and most striking examples of combining the best features of European and Russian architecture, is directly related to the socio-historical processes that took place in Russia in the 18th century, and is considered a turning point in Russian history. The complex vicissitudes of his life, the results of his work, which reflect the key problems of Russian culture of the 18th century, are studied. The relationship with another outstanding Russian architect Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov is considered.

The purpose of the article is to familiarize with the activities of the leadership of the Northwestern Front, the 1st, 2nd, 5th and 10th armies, which are part of it, as well as the corps and divisions of these armies on the interaction of troops during the Warsaw-Ivangorod operation. The use of basic modern research methods such as historical-systemic, historical-typological and synthesis of information from published sources and archival documents allowed us to study a fairly large number of historical documents of the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander, the Northwestern Front, the armies and corps that make up its composition at each stage of the Warsaw-Ivangorod operation in the First World War. The war. The study reveals the sequence and content of the work of the field offices of the front, army headquarters and field offices of the corps that make up its composition to guide the interaction of troops during the Warsaw-Ivangorod operation. Examples of coordination of efforts between various governing bodies, armies, corps and divisions in the course of combat operations are given sequentially according to the days of the operation and the directions of the troops’ actions. The difficulties in maintaining cooperation in the stages of development of operations (during defensive operations, going on the offensive, crossing the Vistula, organizing the pursuit of retreating Austro-German troops) are shown. Documents are disclosed that make it possible to determine the actions of commanders (commanders, chiefs) and their staffs at all stages of operations (combat operations), the components of interaction management and the techniques used in this process. Based on the reviewed historical and analytical documents the structure of the leadership of the interaction of the troops of the Northwestern Front with the beginning of the second period of the Warsaw-Ivangorod operation is revealed and conclusions are drawn about the methods of maintaining the interaction of troops and the sequence of achieving sustainable interaction during the operation. In addition, conclusions are drawn about the impact and role of organized interaction before the start of the operation on its maintenance and recovery during the course of the operation.

The article examines the features and problems of integrating young researchers into the scientific community of a modern science city, as well as analyzes the role of urban infrastructure and communication practices in shaping a scientific career. The empirical basis of the research consists of semi-structured interviews with young scientists studying and employed in the science city. A total of 15 interviews were collected. Thematic analysis was used as the main method of analysis, during which two key topics were identified: the importance of urban infrastructure as an environment for scientific activity and the role of communication with the scientific community, ensuring inclusion in the scientific environment. Based on the consideration of these topics, it is concluded that vertical integration into local scientific communities is important for young scientists. In addition, the importance of a well-developed infrastructure and informal communication channels is emphasized as factors contributing to the inclusion of young specialists in the professional scientific community. The article also analyzes the role of research teams in building individual career paths, emphasizing that both the urban environment and local professional communities have a significant impact on the motivation of young researchers to pursue an academic career. Communication within the community plays a key role, providing opportunities for the effective realization of scientific potential.

This study examines the subjective self-assessments of health among the population in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The self-assessment of health is reflected in the responses of respondents from different socioeconomic zones within the republic. The analysis was based on a sociological survey conducted among residents of Bashkirtostan between May and July 2023. The study revealed a correlation between respondents' self-reported health status and their socioeconomic location. As one moves away from the central area towards more remote parts of the region, there is an increasing trend towards lower self-perceived health levels. The proportion of people reporting good health decreases, while those reporting poor health increases as one moves further from Ufa, the administrative center. The study also highlights the significant impact of chronic diseases on public health, and the need for targeted preventive measures that take into account both territorial and social factors.