International and national institutional arrangements reducing debris in near-Earth space

the article presents a comprehensive analysis of international and national organizational mechanisms aimed at reducing pollution in near-Earth space. Key international regulatory documents, including the IADC Guidelines, UN documents, and standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), are thoroughly analyzed. The main recommendations for minimizing the generation of space debris are outlined, including limiting debris release, minimizing the risks of orbital collisions, and ensuring the mandatory removal of defunct spacecraft from orbit. Special attention is given to national initiatives, their incorporation into legislation, and practical implementation. This work examines mechanisms such as licensing, mandatory insurance, and technical regulation of space activities in various countries. Additionally, it analyzes current initiatives focused on developing monitoring systems and preventing potentially hazardous situations in near-Earth orbit, emphasizing international cooperation within consortia and associations. The article highlights the inadequacy of existing voluntary measures and stresses the need to establish legally binding international standards. Proposed solutions include the active removal of space debris, the creation of an international fund to coordinate actions, and the regulation of the legal status of debris fragments. Challenges related to the deployment of large satellite constellations in low-Earth orbit are particularly emphasized, and prospective measures for their regulation are proposed.

near-Earth space, space debris, low-Earth orbit, geosynchronous, space systems