The Genesis of Parliamentarism within a Monarchical Form of Government

Background. The question of the development of parliamentarism in Europe and Russia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries remains relevant in the context of studying the political modernization of countries and searching for historical parallels with contemporary democratization processes. In the Russian context, P.A. Stolypin's activities are of particular interest. He strived for the modernization of the country but simultaneously employed authoritarian methods of governance, creating tension in relations with the Duma and influencing the development of parliamentarism. The insufficient study of the specifics of Russian parliamentarism during this period, as well as the contradictory assessments of Stolypin's role in this process, determine the relevance of this research.

Objective: To examine the particularities of the establishment of European and Russian parliamentarism in the early 20th century.

Methodology. Historical-genetic, comparative, and institutional methods formed the basis of this research.

Results. It is concluded that dualism directly contributed to the development of parliamentarism, and, despite the contradictory nature of the situation, the Russian Empire was also moving along the path of parliamentarization.

Area of application of results. The research findings can be useful for analyzing contemporary political processes and searching for optimal ways to develop democratic institutions.