Vol 9, No 1 (2025): Актуальные проблемы государства и права

The study examines not only the features of the historical research method, but also its nuances in conducting research in the field of financial law. The features of the industry that influence the application of this method are presented, identifies the works of scientists produced on the basis of this method were identified, and statements of researchers who made a significant contribution to the development of financial law in its critical stages are presented. Various points of view of scientists, formed under the influence of historical, economic, legal, social, political and other conditions, are considered. In the framework of the study, the author positions the financial system itself as an object of financial and legal regulation as an integral entity with the function of distributing national income and forming public finances. As part of the conclusions of the study, it was found that there was a significant change in economic relations at the turn of the 19th–20th and 20th–21st centuries, primarily due to changes in the processes of distribution and redistribution of financial and credit resources within the financial and credit system of the state, i.e. the distribution mechanism itself. It requires careful analysis and consideration of the factor when considering issues related to defining the boundaries of modern financial law, the essence of which is aimed at the legal regulation of this mechanism.

The study attempts to analyze social insurance in the system of social protection of population. The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines that Russia is a welfare state, therefore, one of the forms of social support for the country’s population may be state-created technologies, methods and techniques of social insurance as an economic institution based on the property interests of citizens. Social insurance is associated with reducing the level of social risks for the working population in cases defined by law and related to social reality in the context of compensation for the occurrence of an insured event. This is one of the most important forms of government support for the population in difficult circumstances that citizens may experience for various reasons. The purpose of the study is to analyze the state of social insurance in the Russian Federation as a socio-legal and economic institution, methods and ways of its implementation and development prospects in the context of social protection of population. The methods of scientific research are a set of scientific methods of cognition of social processes of both a general scientific and sociological nature. Methods of structural and functional analysis and diagnostics of social processes were applied to determine the consistency and integrity of the study. In addition, general logical methods were used in the work: analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison. The tasks of applied sociological research have necessitated the use of such methods as observation, document analysis, and design. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its content and results, main generalizations and conclusions contribute to a deeper understanding of the specifics of social insurance in Russia, its further improvement, solving problems of informing citizens, and the results of the analysis may be of interest for the practical activities of social management bodies. Thus, the existing social insurance system is aimed at increasing and improving the quality of life of the population of the state. And in the current economic situation, it requires improvement and further development.

Considerations on the fundamental civil law principle “contracts must be respected” are given. The well-known exceptions that have come to us under the influence of foreign doctrine threaten its stability. Tracing its development since the time of the extraordinary processes in the Roman Empire, the author writes about the main significance of this clause. In the legislation and judicial practice of medieval Europe, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and the modern code, circumstances determined the different content of this principle. The article describes its meaning, constraints, and suggestions for its improvement. The principles of civil law contracts, laid down in the basis of the organization and development of contractual work, are analyzed, their effect over time is assessed with the disclosure of a positive potential for legal reality. An assessment of the concept of obligations dependence on the validity of the contract has been carried out, in which a fixed-term contract is terminated, and the obligations generated by it, but not fulfilled, continue (Article 425 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), any other interruption of multilateral relations terminates the performance requirements.

The relevance of the problem under consideration lies in the fact that at present, the successful integration of artificial intelligence technology into judicial activities requires the joint efforts of experts in the information and communication field, lawyers, specialists in the application of moral and ethical norms and society as a whole, which underlines the special importance of research in this area in the field of jurisprudence. The purpose of the study is to consider the moral, ethical and legal aspects of the possibility of using artificial intelligence in the administration of justice. Such general scientific methods as the analysis of special literature and regulatory legal acts on the research problem, the method of modeling and system structuring are used. In the context of the progressive digitalization of the legal sphere, a number of fundamental questions arise regarding the prospects for the preservation and functioning of the moral and ethical component and subjective evaluation criteria in the framework of legal proceedings. A comprehensive all-encompassing analysis of the effectiveness, safety, transparency of the legal and moral and ethical aspects of the use of artificial intelligence technology in the administration of justice has been carried out. The elements of electronic justice that take place in Russian courts, as well as international experience in the use of artificial intelligence technology, are analyzed. The prospects and risks of using artificial intelligence technology in law are studied. The use of artificial intelligence technology in legal proceedings can lead to profound changes in the legal system, which will require a thorough analysis and, possibly, revision of legal norms, taking into account new technologies and the need to preserve the basic guarantees of justice. Conclusions are drawn about the importance of further systematization of research to identify the problems of using artificial intelligence in the field of justice and the regulation of legal aspects of the use of technology in the legal field.

The analysis of the problems of legal regulation of restrictions on the rights of foreign citizens by normative act of the heads of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is carried out. In recent years, a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation have adopted acts restricting the employment of foreign citizens in certain areas, despite the fact that articles 55 and 62 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation provide for restrictions on rights and freedoms only by federal law. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to clarify the constitutionality of these restrictions at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. To achieve this goal, the tasks of analyzing the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal and regional legislation were solved using general scientific and special legal research methods. The main conclusions are the establishment of a framework for certain norms of federal legislation and the presence of indirect restrictions on the rights of foreign citizens through the introduction of bans on their employment by business entities, which, from a formal and legal point of view, does not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The theoretical conclusions of the study can be used in the development of regulatory and legal regulation in similar areas of application related to the restriction of citizens’ rights.

Money laundering and legalization of other property acquired by illegal means is a complex and multidimensional criminal behavior that has not only selfish goals in the form of profit making, but also implies a certain involvement in this functioning of various subjects of law, which significantly complicates the process of identifying and investigating the above–mentioned acts. Despite the fact that investigative practice pays close attention to the specifics of the organization and production of investigative actions within the framework of the stated issues, the evolution of criminal schemes far outpaces investigative capabilities. In this context, it is of fundamental importance to increase the effectiveness of investigators in the process of investigating money laundering and legalization of other property acquired illegally. Within the framework of the presented research, the existing practical approaches that have become widespread in investigative practice are analyzed. The relevance of conducting various types of examinations is noted due to the effectiveness and volume of the evidentiary information obtained.

The article reveals current problems of the qualification of transport crimes, due to their specificity and diversity, which often causes difficulties in law enforcement. Special attention is paid to distinguishing transport crimes from related offences provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and administrative offences, the responsibility for which is enshrined in the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation. In addition, this article analyzes criteria that assist in distinguishing transport crimes from administrative offenses, as well as differentiating between different types of transport crimes. This analysis is based on specific examples illustrating controversial situations related to violations of Traffic Regulations and the rules of operation of various vehicles. Criminalization, which is mentioned in the article, is a process when acts previously considered administrative offenses become criminal offenses. This happens when certain conditions appear that indicate a significant increase in the public danger of such acts. The results of the analysis become the basis for recommendations aimed at improving law enforcement practices and clarifying legislative norms that consolidate responsibility for violations of legislation in the field of vehicle operation. The development and implementation of scientifically based recommendations contributes to the full implementation of the principles of uniformity and fairness in the application of criminal and administrative legislation in the field of the use and operation of vehicles.

A brief overview of the Fifth All-Russian Scientific Conference of Cadets, Students, Adjuncts, Postgraduate Students and Applicants “Current issues of legal science through the eyes of young researchers”, held at the Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in Ryazan on February 6, 2025, is presented. The main directions of the conference are considered and its goals are noted. Statistical indicators characterizing the dynamics of the conference’s development over five years, starting in 2021, are presented. Such trends in the development of this scientific and representative event as a constant increase in the number of conference participants; expansion of the geography and number of educational organizations represented; annual increase in the volume of collections of scientific papers published following the results of the conference edited by Vera A. Ilyukhina are highlighted. Some of the author’s reflections on student science, formulated following the results of the conference, are presented.