Association between oncological diseases and air pollution: the role of nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter in cancer epidemiology in the Republic of Kazakhstan

the aim of this study is to analyze the impact of atmospheric pollutants-particularly nitrogen dioxide (NO?) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10)-on public health in Kazakhstan, with a focus on the correlation between their concentrations and cancer risk. The paper includes a systematic literature review and an environmental analysis of Almaty, one of the country’s most polluted cities. It presents data on the spatiotemporal dynamics of pollutant concentrations, highlights high-risk areas, and discusses seasonal pollution patterns. Special attention is given to epidemiological and toxicological aspects, including cellular mechanisms through which NO? and PM2.5 provoke inflammation and mutagenesis. The impact on cognitive health is also addressed. The relevance of the topic is linked to rising cancer and neurological disease rates in cities with severe air pollution. Almaty faces significant environmental pressure due to traffic, industry, and geographical factors. The study uses official statistics, peer-reviewed sources, and air quality data from the past decade. The methodology includes geoinformation and correlation analysis to identify links between pollution levels and public health indicators. It also reviews international air quality management practices and their applicability to Kazakhstan. Based on the findings, the study provides recommendations for monitoring, prevention, and mitigation. The results highlight the urgent need for integrated strategies to reduce pollution and protect public health in urban environments.

nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, air pollution, oncological risk, Kazakhstan, epidemiology, correlation analysis