The phenomenon of deviant manifestation in the late 19th – 20th centuries

this article explores the phenomenon of deviant behavior in the context of social, political, and cultural transformations from the late 19th to the 20th century. The analysis focuses on three key periods: the late 19th century, and the first and second halves of the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to both destructive and constructive forms of deviance, including crime, political radicalism, cultural resistance, and scientific innovation. The theoretical framework is based on the concepts of social anomie by ?. Durkheim and R. Merton, as well as theories of stigmatization and social norms. The article emphasizes that deviance is not only a threat to societal stability but also a form of social progress that challenges existing norms to promote innovation and transformation. Through historical examples from Russia, Europe, and the United States, the author demonstrates how deviant behavior reflects the crises of an era while simultaneously catalyzing societal change. The study uses an interdisciplinary approach and draws on works by Russian and international scholars, offering a comprehensive perspective on deviance as a sociocultural phenomenon.

deviant behavior, deviance, scientific approach, historical events, phenomenon of deviance