Vol 33, No 1 (2023)

Introduction. At present, there is widely used smooth plowing, which is moldboard plowing without back ridges and deep furrows.
Aim of the Article. The article deals with developing a new design of working tools for smooth soil plowing that ensure the fulfillment of the required quality of soil cultivation. Materials and Methods. Based on the analysis of existing designs, the authors developed a harrow with a turning disc section, which is characterized by increased operational reliability by reducing energy costs for its adjustment. The range of change in the approach angle of the disk working bodies is 5–45°.
Results. It was found that the speed of movement and the inclination angle disks have the greatest influence on the tillage quality. To optimize the motion parameters with a turning disk section for the best smooth plowing quality, a two-factor experiment was carried out.
Discussion and Conclusion. As a result, it was found that at a speed of 9.113 km/h and approach angle of working disks of 32°, the quality of tillage is maximum and amounts to 86.1%.  

Introduction. One of the main components in the diet of farm animals is concentrated feed, which in Russia is grinded by shredders. At the same time, in the final product, there is a high dust content, which can be reduced by using grinders with a different principle of grinding. The design of a milling shredder, in which grains are crushed by cutting, is proposed.

Materials and Methods. The theoretical study of the developed shredder was carried out using averaged acceleration methods. The tooth surface of the working organ was studied.
Results. As a result of theoretical studies, equations describing the motion of a particle along the working body tooth surface were obtained. There has been developed a program to facilitate the process of analyzing the influence of the structural and technological parameters of the shredder on the process of particle motion along the tooth surface.
Discussion and Conclusion. There is a directly proportional decrease in the time of motion of the particle along the working body tooth surface with increasing the angular velocity. At the same time, increasing the angle leads to the increase of the time of the particle along the tooth surface. The increase of angular velocity values leads to decreasing particle displacement along the axis. At the angle of 45° displacement along the axis is 1.1‒1.5 times less than at an angle of 70°. At high angular velocities, the moving along the axis is minimal. The analysis, given the need to create a smoother motion of the particle along the helical line, shows that the most rational will be the following values: angle 70° and angular velocity of the working body 185‒206 rad/s.

Introduction. The article concentrates on improving the efficiency of double-circuit diaphragm pumps, which can be successfully used in heat and water supply systems of industrial and agricultural facilities where there is excess head. It is advisable to equip double-circuit diaphragm pumps with disc-shaped diaphragms interconnected by a rod, for example, from motor vehicles, and to drive them from the available head of the hydraulic network. 
Materials and Methods. There were used the idealization method from differential geometry, physical experiment, and mathematical statistics to solve the tasks for identifying the relationship between the rod motion and the liquid flow rate for a poppet diaphragm with different geometric surfaces in dynamics. There have been obtained the dependences of pumped liquid volume on the movement of the point of attachment by the poppet diaphragm and the volume flow rate on the movement speed of the point of attachment by the poppet diaphragm with specific geometric parameters for the parabolic and chain line. 
Results. Based on the obtained dependences of the volume flow rate on the speed of movement of the point of attachment by a poppet diaphragm with specific geometric parameters for a parabolic and chain line, there were constructed the graphs of dependences of the volume flow rate on the frequency of the working cycle. For practical implementation, there are proposed the dependencies for constructing the hydraulic characteristics of a two-circuit membrane (the dependence of the volume flow rate on the frequency of the working cycle) obtained on the basis of a parabolic interpretation.
Discussion and Conclusion. The hydraulic characteristics of a two-circuit membrane pump are close to the equation of a straight line and are consistent with experimental
dependencies within 4%.

Introduction. Physico-chemical properties of the diesel fuel emulsion with Brassica rapa oil and ethanol have been studied. The use of blended fuel does not make structural changes in the engine, but only the improvement of the attachments: the power supply system of the internal combustion engine.
Aim of the Article. The article aims at determining the effect of additives of Brassica rapa oil and ethanol in commercial diesel fuel in different quantities on such indicators as density, kinematic viscosity, and the lowest specific heat of combustion of mixtures and determining the optimal mixture of fuels for bench tests on the diesel.
Materials and Methods. There were used the following equipment: laboratory scales VIBRAAJH-620CE, pycnometer PZh2-10-KSh 7/16, viscosimeter VPZh-2, and electronic stopwatch.

Results. The dependence between the density, kinematic viscosity and concentration of additives in blended fuels has been determined. The relationship between the kinematic viscosity of oils and the lower specific heat of combustion has been noted. The dynamics of a decrease in the average lower specific heat of combustion of blends relative to an increase in the concentration of blended fuels is presented.
Discussion and Conclusion. For bench tests on the engine, there were selected two blends 10% Brasssica rapa +10% Ethanol+80% Diesel and 25% Brasssica rapa +25% Ethanol +50% Diesel. When selecting the mixtures, the focus was on 4 parameters: kinematic viscosity, density, stability time, and lower specific heat of combustion.

Introduction. From the analysis of hop dryers of different systems and designs follows the prospect of hop drying by complex influence of the energy of the electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency and convective heat.
Materials and Methods. Taking into account the justified criteria for the design of a hop dryer and the analysis of existing resonators, there was proposed a methodology for the development of a hop dryer with an energy supply in an electromagnetic field, including requirements for structural design, operational and economic indicators, and technology. The electrodynamic parameters of the resonator were investigated according to the CST Studio 2017 program.

Results. The dielectric parameters of hops are theoretically investigated and functional dependences on humidity at a frequency of 2,450 MHz are obtained. The dynamics of hop heating is investigated when its dielectric loss factor changes during the action of an ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic field. There has been developed a design and technological scheme of a radio-hermetic microwave convective hop dryer of continuous flow action with tiered resonators for low-power agricultural enterprises. 
Discussion and Conclusion. The expected specific energy costs of a hop dryer with a capacity of 12–13 kg/h at the microwave generator power of 4.0 kW for drying freshly harvested hops with a humidity of 76–82% to a humidity of 11–14% are 0.30–0.33 kWh/kg. The required electric field voltage of 2 kV/cm in all three resonators is provided, therefore, disinfection of raw materials occurs at a temperature of 65–70°C for 5–6 minutes of stay in three resonators. The intensity of moisture release from hop cones during endogenous convective heating increases 5–6 times compared to the convective drying method.