Vol 4, No 1 (2022)
Articles
The Seven Unknown. Experience of Personality Attribution and Reconstruction of Biographies of Officers Shown on Photographs of the Period of the Civil War in Russia
Abstract
The purpose. The article is devoted to the process of determining the personalities depicted in the general photo of the members of the «Alapayev Investigative Commission to investigate the atrocities of the Bolsheviks». The photo document stored in the funds of the Nizhny Tagil City Historical Archive dates back to the autumn of 1918 and has an accompanying signature requiring verification. Conclusions. Using the documents presented in the national central and regional archives, materials from North American archives, as well as the work of researchers, the authors consistently analyze the biographical data of the officers depicted in the photo. The correlation of a set of biographical data with uniformological and floral features allows you to accurately attribute faces and personify a photo document.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2022;4(1):9-14
9-14
Centralization of Military Awards the Red Army after the End of the Civil War (1922-1933)
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to analyze the process of formation and centralization of the awarding system of the Red Army from the moment the Soviet Union was formed in 1922 until the abolition of republican awards in 1933. The material for the study was the research of V. A. Durov, N. N. Strekalov «Order of the Red Banner» and A. N. Kutsenko, Yu. D. Smirnov «Orders of the Union Republics». The authors used the methods of historicism, objectivity and systemicity. The need to process quantitative data led to the use of the statistical method. The authors divide this period into two stages. During the first stage, 1922-1924. The award system of the republics created during the Civil War functioned. The awarding of republican awards was made for the following reasons: the lack of an award system of the USSR and diverse opinions regarding the trends in its development; ongoing armed clashes, especially in the national outskirts, which required the awarding of distinguished soldiers; the presence in the republics of all elements of the award system (regulatory and legal base, republican authorities and orders). In 1924, the first all-Union hail was established, an allied award vertical was formed. At the same time, in the union republics formed during the administrative-territorial land survey of the USSR, their own awards are established. Thus, the Union and republican branches of the award system simultaneously functioned and carried out awarding. Union and republican awards were similar in name, meaning, compositional design, and benefits. To ensure the awarding of military personnel and military teams in peacetime, the award provisions of the orders were revised. After the formation of the union award system, in 1933 the republican awards were canceled. The highest state body, the Central Executive Committee (CEC) of the USSR, was vested with the right to establish awards and award them. Republican CECs had the right only to petition for citizenship with union awards. Thus, the period under consideration is a transition from the republican award systems to the all-union.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2022;4(1):15-23
15-23
Climate Policy of the United States: Features of Evolution and the Current State
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to analyze the features of the formation and evolution of the US climate policy, the influence of internal and external factors on its formation and evolution. The United States is one of the main players in global climate policy. Over the past 30 years, they have held a special position in the negotiation process within the framework of the Climate Conferences of the Parties (COP). This position is characterized: the protection of their national interests, the use of market instruments and bilateral relations in the fight against global climate change. The United States insisted and continues to insist on the acceptance of voluntary commitments by all countries of the world to reduce CO2 emissions. In addition, the US position against global climate change is cyclical: under the presidency of the Democratic Party, more ambitious programs are adopted than under the Republican ones. Decisions made by the president of the country have a low legal status and can be quickly changed after the arrival of a new president. The United States is currently the world leader in the fight against climate change. President J. Biden pointed to the goals of achieving carbon neutrality in the United States by 2050 and is widely pursuing a policy of ecological transformation of the national economy, protection of ecosystems and biodiversity. However, this policy can be easily crossed out by his successor, as it already happened in 2017 during the reign of President D. Trump.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2022;4(1):24-32
24-32
Worldview Reasons for the Evolution of the Image of the Past (XIX-XXI Centuries)
Abstract
A retrospective analysis of the historiography of the 19th-20th centuries. shows that in different epochs historians created the image of the past in different ways. The purpose of this article is to consider the reasons for the evolution of historical writing from the standpoint of an idealistic approach. The image of the past created as a part of the picture of the world within the framework of this approach, therefore the way of its construction directly depends on the main ideological ideas. When the worldview changes, the way of creating the past and its image also changes, as an integral part of the picture of the world. In the 19th century a classical model of historical research was created, within the framework of the scientific worldview. This way of creating the past forms several heterogeneous ideological currents, which are united by the belief in the existence of a single natural and human world, subject to the same laws, belief in the objectivity of the past, and applicability to the history of the methods of natural science. The crisis of science at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries destroyed the old picture of the world and image of the past changed. The new image created on the basis of a non-classical model of historical research. It is characterized by the opposition of nature and culture, as well as the constantly increasing role of man as the subject and object of history. Within the framework of non-classical historical writing, the idea of constructing the past is being developed. The historian turns from an observer describing historical events into their creator. Linguistics was chosen by some philosophers as the theoretical basis for creating the image of history in the second half of the twentieth century. Postmodernists have reduced history to a huge text that exists outside the historian and is at the same time the result of his activities. The study showed that it is the changes in the worldview that underlie the evolution of the image of the past.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2022;4(1):33-40
33-40
Birthing Rites and Traditions of the Mordovian People: Past and Present
Abstract
The aim of the study is to analyze the maternity rites and traditions of the Mordovian people that existed in the past and are still preserved today, as recorded in the oral-poetic literature, scientific and periodicals, materials collected by the authors during field ethnographic research. The research was based on such methods as comparative-historical, historical-genetic, problem-chronological, structural-systemic, included observation, logical, descriptive-narrative, generalization, classification and systematization. The authors use specific examples to show how diverse, interesting and rational are the rites and traditions of the Mordovian people associated with childbirth and nurture. When analyzing the historiography of the considered topic it is noted that a significant contribution to its development was made by scientific works of such ethnographers as N. F. Mokshin, N. F. Belyaeva, G. A. Kornishina, T. P. Fedyanovich, V. A. Balashov, A. S. Luzgin, E. N. Mokshina, Y. N. Sushkova and others. Conclusions: At present each Mordovian family decides for itself which omens to believe in, which ceremonies to observe, which traditions to follow. However, even if a family perceives maternity rituals of the child cycle as a tribute and does not put into them the meaning their ancestors implied, it still contributes to the preservation of the traditions and culture of the Mordovian ethnos. The revival of the institute of a strong large family at the present stage could significantly help to solve the demographic problem extremely urgent for the Mordovian people.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2022;4(1):41-45
41-45
The Role of a Person in History (On the Example of Kangxi and Peter I)
Abstract
Purpose. The article examines the historical conditions in which the activities of Peter the Great in Russia and Kangxi in China took place, the characteristics of the social system of that time, the history of the formation of two personalities, analyzes the policies pursued by the rulers, reforms and their achievements. The purpose of the study is to identify the features and differences of the development and governance of the country during the reign of Peter I in Russia and Kangxi in China and their contribution to history. At the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, two monarchs, Kangxi and Peter I, were extremely similar and contradictory, and their influence on the future generation was very different. Results: the article presents a comparative analysis of the reign of two great personalities to gain a deeper understanding of the history of the development of the two countries in the late 17th-early 18th centuries. The role of state leaders is especially important in history. In Russian and world history, the study of the personality of Peter I is one of the main points of researchers. Kangxi is as significant for China as his contemporary Peter the Great is for Russia. In the history of China, the Kangxi era became a symbol of prosperity, and the emperor himself was considered an exemplary ruler.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2022;4(1):46-50
46-50
University Education through the Prism of Decades: The Experience of Studying History Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University
Abstract
The article is devoted to the experience of studying the history of Nosov Magnitogorsk state technical University. For the first time in Russian historiography, Doctor of Historical Sciences, leading researcher of the Nosov Magnitogorsk state technical University. V.V. Filatov is carrying out a project to study the history of the development of the university during the 1930s-2000s by decades. The purpose of this article is to study the experience and practical significance of the implementation of such projects in historical science. The first nine monographs on the period of the 1930s-1960s are analyzed. It is revealed that the author, based on an extensive range of sources, managed to reflect in his research both the positive and negative sides of the formation of a university in the single - industry town of Magnitogorsk. The study of educational and scientific activities, personnel, financial and economic policy, and the daily life of an individual institute allows us to determine the main trends in the development of higher education in the Soviet period.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2022;4(1):51-57
51-57
Expansion of Sowing Area and Change in the Structure of Crops in the Initial Period Great Patriotic War (By the Materials of the Decisions of the SNK of the USSR)
Abstract
The article analyzes the policy of the Soviet state on the development of agriculture during the Great Patriotic War in terms of changing the size of sown areas and optimizing their structure. The source base for the study was the declassified resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks devoted to this problem, most of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The author concludes that the increase in areas for potatoes and vegetables under wartime conditions was quite legitimate. As for grain crops, there were no conditions in the rear areas of the country for expanding their crops. In general, the work positively assesses the changes that occurred in those years in the structure of sown areas: the reduction in the sowing of annual grasses and the increase in areas under sugar beet and kok-saghyz was a consequence of the loss of important agricultural regions of the country, as well as the increased need of industry for raw materials.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2022;4(1):67-72
67-72
Historical Education in Russia at the Turning Point of Epochs (Based on the Materials of the Gorky Ural State University)
Abstract
The article, based on the use of sources of personal origin, examines the changes that took place at the Historical Faculty of the Gorky Ural State University (USU) during the period of «perestroika» and the first years of the formation of the new Russian statehood. The connection between the political and economic processes that took place in the country at the turn of the 1980s-1990s and the ongoing transformations is shown. It is concluded that these two periods are united by the desire of the faculty leadership to adapt to new conditions, but the pace and methods of reform were different. The changes that took place in the organizational structure, educational process, personnel, scientific activity, and daily life of teachers are characterized. An attempt is being made to look at the ongoing transformations not only «from above», but also «from below» on the part of students and ordinary teachers. The role of the personalities who have made the greatest contribution to the reform of the Faculty of History is shown.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2022;4(1):58-66
58-66
«Bread at Any Price...» (Book Review: Motrevich V. P. Contribution to Victory: Agriculture of the Urals during the Great Patriotic War. - Yekaterinburg: Alfa Print, 2021. - 700 p. - ISBN 978-5-907502-20-8)
Abstract
In his review, Professor V.V. Zapariy gives a detailed analysis of a new monograph by the famous Ural historian Professor V.P. Motrevich, devoted to the analysis of the development of agriculture in the republics and regions of the Ural region during the Great Patriotic War. According to the reviewer, this is a comprehensive study of the industry, based on the huge statistical material introduced by the author into scientific circulation and showing the contribution of the industry and its workers to Victory.
History and Modern Perspectives. 2022;4(1):73-76
73-76