The role of state institutions in regulating the digital economy with consideration of political risks and legal mechanisms for data protection

the development of the digital economy is transforming the role of state institutions, shifting from passive observation to active regulation in order to ensure sovereignty and minimize political risks such as cyber threats and sanctions. The relevance is determined by the need to balance innovation, data protection, and national security, where legal mechanisms become tools of policy, influencing business and civil rights. The study is based on federal laws of the Russian Federation on information and personal data, strategic documents such as the Information Security Doctrine, by-laws, and judicial practice. Formal-legal analysis, a systemic approach, the comparative-legal method, and the study of law enforcement are applied to assess regulatory mechanisms. Key mechanisms identified include the concept of digital sovereignty with data localization, increased fines for breaches, extraterritorial application of norms, content blocking, the "sovereign Runet," and antitrust control over platforms, aimed at countering external threats.

digital economy, state institutions, data protection, political risks, legal regulation