Vol 4, No 1 (2024)

Population aging is becoming one of the discussed topics not only in Vietnam but all over the world and is one of the most important social transformation phenomena of the 21st century. This process will affect to most areas of social life such as the labor market, finance, demand for goods and services, education, social security and health care for the elderly, etc. Research on aging, especially in a developing country like Vietnam, has become more urgent than ever, when the aging rate is fast but the average income is low and the social security budget is tight. Therefore, population aging can slow down the economic growth and increase the burden on the budget, even affecting social stability. This article analyzes the current situation and aging trends in Vietnam. Next, it focuses on clarifying the general theory of the mechanism of population aging and pointing out the impact of population aging on socio-economic development. Quantifying the impact of aging on socio-economic growth is very complex, requiring in-depth, multi-disciplinary, multi-field and multi-dimensional research. This analysis has reviewed some reliable assessment methods in the world as well as in Vietnam on aging. The results suggest a more multifaceted perspective on aging, referring to the consideration of the age structure of the population in development. At the same time, research on aging requires the participation of scientists, policymakers, etc. to effectively respond to an aging society.

The article examines the demographic characteristics of labor resources formation in Russian cities with a population of over a million. The research reveals the role of migration in replenishing largest cities’ labor resources, which corresponds to E.G.Ravenstein’s law that large cities grow mainly due to migration. Based on indicators of demographic well-being, the author gives an assessment of the demographic situation in the largest cities. It has been established that during the pandemic, the intensity of migration processes decreases, and its recovery occurs in cities at different rates. The article presents an analysis of structural changes in employment for large groups of industries and types of economic activity– commodity-producing industries, infrastructure, and social spheres. The reserves for increasing employment in the largest cities are considered. Emphasis is placed on increasing the labor activity of internal migrants, who have advantages compared to foreign labor. The research reveals a significant differentiation of wages across the largest cities, which creates unequal conditions for the reproduction of the labor force. It also determines ratings of the largest cities in terms of generation replacement, employment, unemployment, wages, and the social sphere. The author proposes a development in the system of strategic planning documents of a block of indicators characterizing the achievement of demographic well-being and increasing the efficiency of using the labor potential of the largest cities.

Globalization has led to significant changes in economies and societies worldwide, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region where labor migration drives economic growth. Migrant workers, valued across various sectors, play a key role in regional development by sending remittances that support families’ essential needs and entrepreneurial endeavors. Countries have simplified immigration procedures and enacted protective measures to attract and retain foreign labor, but challenges such as job displacement and balancing the rights of migrants with those of domestic workers persist. Research on the impact of labor migration on economic development in the Asia-Pacific region is crucial in addressing these complexities. Therefore, this article will focus on elucidating the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of labor migration while examining the correlation between labor migration and economic development in the countries within the Asia-Pacific region. The main purpose of the study is to elucidate the general migration context of the Asia-Pacific region and clarify it by conducting a deeper analysis of some representative countries in the region. Additionally, the study aims to elucidate the relationship between labor migration and economic development in this area. The results reveal that labor migration has a positive impact on economic growth through remittances.

This study aims to assess the impact of motivational factors on the housing choices of rural-to-urban migrants. The motivations leading to housing choices include migration reasons, life events, and satisfaction with housing. The author suggested a research model with three hypotheses and conducted a survey between migrant people living in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam to test these hypotheses. There are several notable findings in this study. Firstly, the first hypothesis was accepted as factors related to both economic and non-economic values have a positive impact on housing choices. This aligns well with the reality that the majority of individuals aged 25–45 consider this as their primary goal when migrating to the city and searching for housing. Secondly, changes in current life circumstances can lead to changes in housing choice intentions. Thirdly, a significant finding of the research is that most individuals with an intention to change their place of residence do so because they are dissatisfied with the housing conditions or prices. In this research, housing satisfaction is an even more significant factor influencing housing choice intentions than life events and economic and noneconomic values. This study has some limitations, as it is necessary to clarify other factors, because only motivation may be impossible to change housing choice intentions. It is suggested that a number of other factors, such as opportunities or migrants’ capabilities could also influence the moving intentions.

The problem of the preconditions for the migration activity of Omsk youth is posed. Possible causes of migration risks and factors determining them are discussed. Attention is paid to external, economic, and internal, psychological factors in order to determine possible ways to manage migration risks. Objectives of the study: to determine the emotional assessment of the city and the connection between migration attitudes of young people and attachment and identification with it; identify the main reasons for migration from Omsk, establish differences in the career orientations of students with different levels of migration attitudes; determine the necessary living conditions of the city to radically change the migration situation in it. Thanks to qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (testing and questionnaires) methods on a sample of 416 people with different socio-demographic characteristics, the reasons for migration behavior were analyzed and an analysis of “push” and “retaining” factors was carried out. It has been established that when young people emotionally assess the city, positive connotations dominate, but young people more often place Omsk on the time scale closer to the concept of “past” rather than “future.” Thus, the reasons for real migration behavior are the perception of the lack of prospects associated with development in the city, and the accompanying dissatisfaction with the economic, educational and career conditions that exist in it. Factors that reduce the level of expression of migration attitudes are high identification with the city, a sense of belonging to it, planning for a future associated with the city, and career orientation towards stability of place of residence. Factors that increase the desire to migrate are a career orientation toward autonomy at work and a poorly developed urban identity.

The article examines measures taken by the Japanese government, institutions and various organizations to attract and retain international students. In March 2023, the Japanese government announced its aim to increase the number of foreign students in Japan to 400 000 in ten years. Measures to attract and retain foreign talents are part of the “new capitalism” program and are consistent with the goal of internationalizing the Japanese education system, especially higher education. In particular, the article analyzes the dynamics of the number of foreign students in Japan, and lists support measures provided by the government, institutions and other organizations. It also assesses the potential for attracting and retaining international students in the context of Japan’s declining working-age population and discusses the challenges of employment and life for foreigners in Japan during and after graduation. The study showed that, although education has traditionally been one of the main directions of Japanese cultural diplomacy, in contemporary Japan attracting foreign students is also viewed as one of the ways to solve social problems and ensure sustainable economic growth. For example, it is assumed that foreign graduates of Japanese universities will partially compensate for the labor shortage in Japan, and will also play an important role in expanding Japanese business and strengthening its positions in regional and global markets. In order to attract foreign students, the government, universities and various organizations are taking comprehensive measures to provide them with support, ranging from simplifying the admission procedure, providing scholarships for study, providing extensive information support, to assisting with employment after graduation. At the same time, the study identifies the problems faced by foreigners, in particular foreign students, which significantly limit the massive influx of foreign specialists to Japan.

In late October– early November, 2023, the III International Eurasian Analytical Forum (EAF-2023) was held in Moscow, where ethnocultural factors of Eurasian integration were discussed. The forum considered a whole range of topical issues related to Eurasian integration in various fields including common problems of national and economic security of the Eurasian countries, socio-political and demographic development, and values in intercultural communication, education and scientific and technological interaction, ensuring the integration of society.